NOTICE This report was originally prepared by Antares Group Incorporated, Energetics Incorporated, and Modern Energy in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (hereafter NYSERDA). The original publication date was June 2012. The original NYSERDA document is available for download at: http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/EIBD/Research/Transportation/CNG/cng-refuse- fleets.pdf. With permission from NYSERDA, the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) has modified this report for Pennsylvania, making minor changes to reflect local conditions, and updating information where feasible. The bulk of the document remains as DVRPC received it from NYSERDA. This is fundamentally their work. The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of DVRPC, NYSERDA, or the State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, DVRPC, NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. DVRPC, NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make no representation that the use of any product, apparatus, process, method, or other information will not infringe privately owned rights and will assume no liability for any loss, injury, or damage resulting from, or occurring in connection with, the use of information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. Acknowledgment: The DVRPC revisions and updates to this material are based upon work supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under Award Number DE- EE0006089. Disclaimer: The DVRPC revisions and updates to this report were prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. 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Table of Contents Section Page 1 Purpose ...................................................................................................................... 7 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9 3 CNG Assessment – Organizations that Own and Operate Refuse Vehicles ..... 13 Understand the basics of natural gas and CNG vehicles ................................. 13 CNG terminology .............................................................................................. 14 Assess fleet vehicle characteristics .................................................................. 15 Review CNG vehicle options ............................................................................ 16 Evaluate existing and planned CNG Fueling Infrastructure ............................. 17 Assess facility property..................................................................................... 18 Understand the corporate business strategy .................................................... 19 Examine infrastructure requirements ............................................................... 20 Assess the business case ................................................................................ 20 Develop an implementation plan and act on it ................................................. 21 Decision flowchart ............................................................................................ 23 4 CNG Assessment – Municipalities that Contract out Refuse Services .............. 25 Understand the basics of natural gas and CNG vehicles ................................. 25 CNG terminology .............................................................................................. 26 Assess refuse operations ................................................................................. 27 Evaluate existing and planned CNG fueling infrastructure ............................... 29 Investigate options for a new CNG station ....................................................... 31 Examine bid specification details ..................................................................... 32 Develop an implementation plan and act on it ................................................. 32 Decision Flowchart ........................................................................................... 33 5 Compressed Natural Gas Basics ........................................................................... 35 6 CNG Vehicle System Components ........................................................................ 37 7 CNG Engines for Refuse Application .................................................................... 43 Heavy-Duty Engines ............................................................................................. 43 8 CNG Vehicle Operation and Maintenance............................................................. 45 9 Public Fueling Options ........................................................................................... 49 10 CNG Station Basics ................................................................................................ 53 11 Funding Options for Vehicles and Infrastructure ................................................ 59 Grants and Low-Interest Loans ............................................................................ 59 DOE’s Clean Cities Program ............................................................................ 60 Guidebook – Natural Gas for Refuse Fleets in Pennsylvania - iii - DOT’s Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program .............. 60 EPA’s Clean Diesel Program ........................................................................... 60 Diesel Emissions Reduction Grants ................................................................. 61 EPA’s SmartWay Clean Diesel Program .......................................................... 61 National Fuel Gas Distribution Corporation ...................................................... 61 Navistar-Clean Energy Incentive Program ....................................................... 61 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Programs .......................................................... 62 Alternative Clean Energy Program (ACE) ........................................................ 62 Alternative Fuel Incentive Grant Program (AFIG) ............................................ 63 Alternative Fuel Rebate Program ..................................................................... 63 Natural Gas Vehicle Program ........................................................................... 63 Clean Diesel Grant Program ............................................................................ 63 Tax Incentives ....................................................................................................... 64 Federal ............................................................................................................. 64 12 Business Case Analysis for a Natural Gas Program ........................................... 65 Economic Aspects of Natural Gas Vehicles – Simple Payback ............................ 65 Economic Aspects of Natural Gas Fueling Stations ............................................. 67 Other Externalities – Energy and Environment ..................................................... 67 Other Resources ................................................................................................... 68 13 Municipal Refuse Hauling Contracts ..................................................................... 69 14 Best Practices - Successful CNG Fleet Deployments in Refuse Applications .. 71 Casella Waste Systems (CNG Refuse Fleet) ....................................................... 71 Waste Management (CNG Refuse Fleet) ............................................................. 73 Smithtown (Contracts out refuse services mandating CNG) ................................ 75 15 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 77 List of Appendices ........................................................................................................ 84 Appendix A. CNG Vehicles for Fleet Applications ................................................... A-1 Appendix B. CNG System Manufacturers and Pennsylvania Dealers ................... B-1 Appendix C. Local Utilities in Pennsylvania ............................................................ C-1 Appendix D. Vendors for Natural Gas Equipment