Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2003 Music Events Among Four-Year-Old Children in Naturalistic Contexts, within Selected New Zealand Kindergartens Julie J. Jackson-Gough Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC MUSIC EVENTS AMONG FOUR-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN NATURALISTIC CONTEXTS, WITHIN SELECTED NEW ZEALAND KINDERGARTENS. By JULIE J JACKSON-GOUGH A Diss rtation submitt d to the School of Music In partial fulfillm nt of the R quir m nts for the de0r of Doctor of Philosophy D 0r A2arded: Summ r S m st r 2003 The m mbers of the committ approve the diss rtation of Juli J Jackson-Gough D f nded on July 7th 2003 ______________________________ Judy Bow rs 1rof ssor dir cting diss rtation ______________________________ Charl s E. Br 2 r Ext rnal committ m mber ______________________________ Clifford K. Mads n Committ m mber ______________________________ K vin F nton Committ m mber Approved _______________________________ Jon R. Pi rsol, D an, School of Music The Offic of Graduat Studi s has verifi d and approved the abov nam d committ m mbers. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am de ply indebt d to my lat husband Iain Jackson, without whos help and support this proj ct would ne7 r ha7 e7 n be n start d. I am also very thankful for the support of my husband Micha l Gough, without whos encoura0 m nt I would not be compl ting this study. I acknowl dg the t achers and childr n of the kinder0art ns of the thr towns in the C ntral North Island of N 2 Z aland who allow d m to com and put them under a microscope. Without their willingness to be examined in this way, ther 2ould ha7 be n no data. I acknowl dg coll a0ues and fri nds at the Uni7 rsity of Waikato in Hamilton, N 2 Z aland, whos encoura0 m nt and support, including sharing my academic r sponsibiliti s, has allow d m to compl t this proj ct. I am grat ful to the many wonderful and outstanding faculty m mbers at the Florida Stat Uni7 rsity School of Music who ha7 inspir d m to ex.lor and expand my ex. ri nc and knowl dg over the last 11 y ars. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. ix Chapt r I. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 R s arch bac80round .............................................................................1 Limitations of the Study.........................................................................4 Clarification of T rms............................................................................5 1urpos of the Study ..............................................................................6 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction............................................................................................8 Child D 7 lopm nt Sta0 s Infancy........................................................................................9 Early Childhood 1hysical D 7 lopm nt..................................................11 Cogniti7 ......................................................................13 Social and Emotional ...................................................14 Musical.........................................................................16 Early Childhood Music Therapy..........................................................18 National Standards, Music3 Unit d Stat s ...........................................20 National Standards, Music3 N 2 Z aland The School Curriculum............................................................25 The Early Childhood Curriculum ............................................26 R s arch D si0n...................................................................................30 Music in Early Childhood Education Singing .....................................................................................32 Cr ating....................................................................................35 iv Early Childhood Education in N 2 Z aland ...................................................37 T acher Training in Music for early childhood ..................................39 1rofil of Curr nt Early Childhood Music in N 2 Z aland ................41 SummaryCC ..................................................................................................42 III. METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................43 1ilot study ............................................................................................43 Subj cts................................................................................................44 1roc dur .............................................................................................45 Data Coll ction ....................................................................................46 Data Analysis .......................................................................................47 IV. RESULTS Introduction..........................................................................................49 R s arch Question One........................................................................50 D scription of e7 nts ...............................................................53 R s arch Question T2o .......................................................................54 R s arch Question Thr .....................................................................55 R s arch Question Four.......................................................................56 R s arch Question Fi7 .......................................................................59 Obs rvation Conclusions .....................................................................61 Summary..............................................................................................62 V. DISCUSSION Introduction..........................................................................................64 Holistic Music Making ........................................................................65 Extra - musical music making..............................................................65 Informal, S lf s l ct d, Music Making................................................66 1itch Modeling and Pitch Rang s ........................................................68 The Achi 7 m nt Approach ................................................................69 Music Links to Primary School ...........................................................71 Implications for N 2 Z aland Early Childhood Education.................72 A11ENDICES A T Whariki Introduction.......................................................................74 v B Int rvi 2 transcript ..............................................................................82 C Kinder0art n photographs....................................................................97 D Onsit r s archer obs rvations...........................................................103 E Video e7 nt qualitati7 descriptions..................................................114 F Ethics & Inform d cons nt forms ......................................................133 G Childr n’s Notat d Songs ..................................................................141 BIBLIOGRA1HY ......................................................................................................143 BIOGRA1HICAL SKETCH .....................................................................................153 vi LIST OF TABLES Tabl 1: GallahueFs Phas s of Motor D 7 lopm nt ...................................................12 Tabl 2: Summary of Gr nspan’s six sta0 s of e0o de7 lopm nt..............................15 Tabl 3: Unit d Stat s National voluntary cont nt standards ......................................21 Tabl 4: Unit d Stat s Early childhood music ex. ri nc s.........................................23 Tabl 5: Unit d Stat s Pr -kinder0art n music standards ...........................................24 Tabl 6: L 7 l One3 N 2 Z aland Arts Curriculum Strands and Cont nt ..................27 Tabl 7: The Principl s of T Whariki3 Early Childhood Curriculum .......................28 Tabl 8: T Whariki3 Strands and Goals.....................................................................29 Tabl 9: Anticipat d music e7 nts at a kinder0art n ...................................................44 Tabl 10: Quantitati7 data cat 0ori s of analysis.......................................................47 Tabl 11: Quantitati7 data cat 0ori s of analysis.......................................................50 Tabl 12: Fr quency of Discr t Musical E7 nts .......................................................51 Tabl 13: Chec8,ist of music and extra music e7 nts at each sit ..............................52 Tabl 14. Chec8list of Timbr Ev nts .................................................................................. 55 Tabl 15: Hi0hest pitch data during informal play activiti s inside ............................57 Tabl 16: Hi0hest pitch data during informal play activiti s outside ..........................57 Tabl 17: T acher vocal rang in formal