Leviticus and Its Reception in the Dead Sea Scrolls from Qumran A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2018 Baesick Choi School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 6 Declaration ......................................................................................................................... 7 Copyright Statement .......................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 9 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter I. Introduction ................................................................................ 11 A. The Choice of Topic ................................................................................................... 11 B. Methodological Issues and Approaches ...................................................................... 11 1. Preliminary Comments on Methods Used in this Thesis ......................................... 11 a. Textual Criticism ................................................................................................. 11 b. Literary Criticism and the Use of Scripture ......................................................... 12 2. The Process of Investigation .................................................................................... 16 C. Overview of the Thesis and Its Argument .................................................................. 19 Chapter II. The Manuscripts of the Book of Leviticus ............................. 22 A. Preliminary Discussion ............................................................................................... 22 B. The Manuscripts of Leviticus ..................................................................................... 25 1. 1Q3 (1QpalaeoLev-Numa) ....................................................................................... 25 2. 2Q5 (2QpalaeoLev) ................................................................................................. 28 3. 2Q9 (2QNumd?) ....................................................................................................... 30 4. 4Q17 (4QExod-Levf) ............................................................................................... 31 5. 4Q23 (4QLev-Numa) ............................................................................................... 33 6. 4Q24 (4QLevb) ......................................................................................................... 35 7. 4Q25 (4QLevc) ......................................................................................................... 37 8. 4Q26 (4QLevd) ......................................................................................................... 39 9. 4Q26a (4QLeve) ....................................................................................................... 40 10. 4Q26b (4QLevg) ..................................................................................................... 42 11. 4Q119 (4QLXXLeva) ............................................................................................. 44 12. 4Q120 (4QpapLXXLevb) ....................................................................................... 46 13. 4Q156 (4QtgLev) ................................................................................................... 48 14. 4Q249j (4Qpap cryptA Leviticush?) ...................................................................... 48 2 15. 4Q249k (4Qpap cryptA Text Quoting Leviticus A) .............................................. 49 16. 4Q249l (4Qpap cryptA Text Quoting Leviticus B) ............................................... 49 17. 4Q365 (4QReworked Pentateuchc) ........................................................................ 50 18. 4Q366 (4QReworked Pentateuchd) ........................................................................ 51 19. 4Q367 (4QReworked Pentateuche) ........................................................................ 51 20. 6Q2 (6QpalaeoLev) ............................................................................................... 52 21. 11Q1(11QpalaeoLeva) ........................................................................................... 53 22. 11Q2 (11QLevb) ..................................................................................................... 56 23. Mas 1a (MasLeva) .................................................................................................. 57 24. Mas 1b (MasLevb) .................................................................................................. 59 25. En-Gedi .................................................................................................................. 60 C. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 62 Chapter III. Jubilees and Leviticus ............................................................ 65 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 65 1. Background to the Book of Jubilees ........................................................................ 66 2. Date and Authorship ................................................................................................ 67 B. The Influence of Leviticus 26 on the Structure of Jubilees ........................................ 68 C. Leviticus 16–27 and Four Themes in Jubilees ............................................................ 71 1. Introductory Comments ........................................................................................... 71 2. Four Significant Themes .......................................................................................... 73 a. Chronological and Calendrical Systems of Jubilees ............................................ 73 i) The Term Jubilees ............................................................................................ 73 ii) Festivals ........................................................................................................... 75 iii) Eschatology .................................................................................................... 79 b. Sabbath ................................................................................................................ 81 i) Possessive Form of the Sabbath ....................................................................... 82 ii) Expansion of the Sabbath ................................................................................ 82 c. Levitical Combinations ........................................................................................ 84 i) Holiness and Purity .......................................................................................... 84 ii) Covenant and Restoration ............................................................................... 89 d. Priestly Concerns: Levi (Genealogy), Priestly Books (Cultic Laws and Lore) ... 90 D. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 93 Chapter IV. Leviticus in the Temple Scroll ............................................... 95 3 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 95 B. The Theological Agenda of the Temple Scroll ........................................................... 98 C. Motifs from Leviticus ............................................................................................... 104 1. General Cultic Practices ......................................................................................... 105 2. Lamp and Light ...................................................................................................... 109 3. Land and Idolatry ................................................................................................... 111 D. Leviticus as a Base Text for Purity Laws ................................................................. 114 1. The Purity Laws ..................................................................................................... 114 2. Sacrifices and Festivals .......................................................................................... 119 3. Grain offering ........................................................................................................ 124 E. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 126 Chapter V. Leviticus in the Damascus Document ................................... 128 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 128 B. The Use of Leviticus in D ......................................................................................... 133 1. Structure of D and Lev 26 ...................................................................................... 133 a. Preliminary Comments .....................................................................................