ADDRESSING FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY IN NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS [ Supplementary guidelines ] ADDRESSING FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY IN NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS [ Supplementary guidelines ] NOVEMBER 2020 By Alexandre Meybeck and Vincent Gitz CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry and Julia Wolf and Theresa Wong Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Center for International Forestry Research Rome, 2020 Required citation: Meybeck, A., Gitz, V., Wolf, J. and Wong, T. 2020. Addressing forestry and agroforestry in National Adaptation Plans – Supplementary guidelines. Bogor/Rome. 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Contents FOREWORD v 5 LAYING THE GROUNDWORK AND ADDRESSING GAPS 35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii 5.1 Take stock of existing forest sector knowledge ACRONYMS ix and policies and identify gaps 35 5.2 Assess capacity needs and develop capacities 1 INTRODUCTION 1 for forest and trees-related adaptation planning 35 5.3 Assess and identify links between adaptation needs and 2 OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN development goals 41 (NAP) PROCESS 5 2.1 Guiding principles 5 6 PREPARATORY ELEMENTS 45 2.2 Integrative Framework for National Adaptation Plans and 6.1 Analyse current and future climate scenarios in relation Sustainable Development Goals: the NAP-SDG iFrame 7 to forests and forest dependent people 45 2.3 Relations between NAPs, NDCs, other programmatic 6.2 Identify and assess vulnerabilities of forests, trees documents and national and subnational policies and forest dependent people to climate change 46 and measures 8 6.3 Identify where forests and trees can contribute to 2.4 Insight on NAP processes in countries 8 strengthen climate change adaptation in identified vulnerable sectors 53 3 WHY AND HOW TO ADDRESS FORESTS, TREES 6.4 Identify adaptation options for forests, tree systems AND AGROFORESTRY IN NAPS? 17 and forest dependent people 58 3.1 Preparations and institutional arrangements for NAP 6.5 Identify how to improve the enabling environment 61 in the agriculture sectors 17 6.6 Compile and communicate perspectives about 3.2 Ecosystem services provided by forests and trees 21 forests and trees 63 3.3 Impacts of climate change on forests and trees 23 6.7 Review the integration of climate change adaptation 3.4 Relations between forests and vulnerable systems 25 in national and subnational forest strategies, programs and plans 64 4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ADDRESS FORESTS AND TREES IN NAPS 29 7 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 69 4.1 Establishing an adaptation process for forests and trees 29 7.1 Ensure appropriate priorities for forests and trees in the NAP 69 4.2 Liaise with other agriculture subsectors 31 7.2 Putting in place the means to enable transformational 4.3 Organize the participation of the forestry sector change 70 in the national adaptation planning, including clarifying mandates and engaging stakeholders 31 7.3 Mobilize financial resources 72 7.4 Improve capacity for planning and implementing 9 CONCLUSION 81 adaptation for forests and tree systems 73 7.5 Promote coordination and synergy at national and ANNEXES 82 subnational levels 74 Annex 1. Glossary 83 8 REPORTING, MONITORING AND REVIEW 77 Annex 2. Check-list of stock-taking elements 86 8.1 Prepare for monitoring adaptation planning Annex 3. Knowledge tools 89 and implementation 77 Annex 4. Sub-steps and methodologies to prioritize 8.2 Monitors implementation and update the NAP 79 adaptation optionsg adaptation actions 104 8.3 Outreach on the process and report on progress and effectiveness 80 REFERENCES 115 TABLES, FIGURES & BOXES TABLES BOXES 1. Correspondence between the NAP technical guidelines 1. Uganda’s NAP for Agriculture 9 and the supplementary guidelines 2 2. Adaptation Dialogues for identifying climate risks 2. Example of measures to increase forest resilience and actions in Uruguay’s NAP-Ag process 13 to various impact of climate change 59 3. Definitions used for FAO’s forest resources assessments 18 A. Summary features of key (economic) decision-support 4. Example questions for assessing forestry institutional methods for choosing climate adaptation actions 110 capacity for climate change adaptation planning 37 B. An example summary table of prioritized adaptation 5. Kenya national drought management authority capacity actions according to their benefits and costs 113 needs assessment for NAP 39 FIGURES 6. Extract of Indonesia’s NDC 43 1. Sample process to formulate and implement NAP 6 7. Forest dependent people 48 2. Forest and land-use transition curve 20 8. A gender-responsive agriculture NAP progress in Uganda 50 3. Potential contributions of forests, trees and agroforestry 9. Forestry in Uganda’s NAP for agricultureg 57 to the adaptation of other sectors/systems 26 10. Assessing the financial and economic viability of agroforestry 4. Possible process flow for addressing the agriculture sectors -related adaptation options for Kenyan farmers 60 in the formulation and implementation of NAPs 33 11. The concept of climate risk in the agriculture sectors 5. Forest managers respond to a wide range of factors 60 at national and subnational levels in Thailand 65 A. A (simplified) decision tree of possible approaches for 12. The development of an agroforestry policy in Nepala 71 assessing the costs and benefits of adaptation options 109 13. Integrating landscape-based approaches in the adaptation planning process in the Philippines 74 14. The Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 78 15. Assessing sectors’ adaptation by steps in Finland 79 A. Examples of generic criteria of importance against which possible adaptation options can be evaluated 107 iv Foreword ADDRESSING FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY IN NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS [ Supplementary guidelines ] Forests and trees are greatly impacted by As the importance of adaptation gained increased climate change all around the world. Changes global recognition, the international community in temperature and precipitation, storms, pest established the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) outbreaks and the increasing risk of more process for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) frequent and intense fires are threatening forests and for other developing countries. Indeed NAPs and the livelihoods of the 1.6 billion people who are considered to be a core vehicle for delivering depend on them. on adaptation priorities as well as countries’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under We face a huge challenge, not only to contain the Paris Agreement. The NAP process considers global warming but also to cope with the interactions between all sectors – and their consequences we have already seen and those to implications on planning and implementation come. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the – in a coordinated and coherent way, offering vulnerabilities of our societies and food systems, considerable opportunities for a more holistic bringing to the forefront the need to build approach to land use and landscapes – resilience in order to be prepared for new risks. a prerequisite for effective adaptation. Acting at the interface between natural resources Further to the call for countries to incorporate and human activities, forests, trees and forests into their NAPs, develop policies for agroforestry provide numerous nature-based adaptation through forests, take action to improve solutions to adaptation. For this reason, adaptation forest health and to restore degraded forests will play a major role in the history of climate and landscapes, made by the FAO Committee on change and forests. As shown in this publication,