PFAS planning document February 2021 Minnesota’s PFAS Blueprint A plan to protect our communities and our environment from per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances This document was written by a large number of staff and managers from the MPCA, MDH, DNR and MDA. The initial drafts of issue papers were written by PFAS Lateral Team subject experts. Primary coordination, compilation, and editing was done by Sophie Greene, MPCA’s PFAS coordinator. Drafts of issue papers were reviewed by the relevant program management, the entire Staff PFAS Lateral Team, and the entire Manager PFAS Lateral Team. Finally, the document was reviewed by commissioners of participating agencies. Authors Sophie Greene Catherine Neuschler Contributors/acknowledgements Justin Barrick (MPCA) Mark Rys (MPCA) Kathleen Hall (MDA) Anthony Bello (MPCA) Yodit Sheido (MPCA) Deanna Scher (MDH) Sheryl Bock (MPCA) Summer Streets (MPCA) Timothy Farnan (MPCA) Andri Dahlmeier (MPCA) Katherine Sullivan (MPCA) Sarah Yost (MPCA) Jane de Lambert (MDH) Randy Thorson (MPCA) Will Backe (MDH) Mark Elliott (MPCA) Kayla Walsh (MPCA) Betsy Edhlund (MDH) David Fairbairn (MPCA) Virginia Yingling (MDH) Gary Krueger (MPCA) Helen Goeden (MDH) Rajinder Mann (MDA) Alycia Overbo (MDH) Rebecca Higgins (MPCA) Kristie Ellickson (MPCA) Tannie Eshenaur (MDH) Alister Innes (MPCA) Angela Preimesberger Ling Shen (DNR) James Jacobus (MDH) (MPCA) Tom Burri (DNR) Todd Johnson (MDH) Barbara Keller (DNR) Paul Radomski (DNR) Scott Knowles (MPCA) Bruce Monson (MPCA) Josh Burman (MPCA) Dorian Kvale (MPCA) Phil Monson (MPCA) John Gilkeson (MPCA) Jaramie Logelin (MPCA) Michelle Carstensen (DNR) Nicole Neeser (MDA) Laura Marti (MPCA) Patricia Mccann (MDH) Catherine O’Dell (MPCA) Melissa Peck (MPCA) Editing and graphic design Paul Andre Amanda Scheid Elizabeth Tegdesch Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 520 Lafayette Road North | Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194 | 651-296-6300 | 800-657-3864 | Or use your preferred relay service. | [email protected] This report is available in alternative formats upon request, and online at www.pca.state.mn.us. Document number: p-gen1-22 Contents Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Addressing and managing PFAS .............................................................................................................. 10 PFAS summary and needs ....................................................................................................................... 13 Preventing PFAS pollution........................................................................................................................... 14 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Past and ongoing efforts ......................................................................................................................... 19 Gaps and opportunities .......................................................................................................................... 21 Overview of intersectional issues ........................................................................................................... 26 Measuring PFAS effectively and consistent ................................................................................................ 27 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 29 Past and ongoing efforts ......................................................................................................................... 33 Gaps and opportunities .......................................................................................................................... 38 Overview of intersectional issues ........................................................................................................... 41 Quantifying PFAS risks to human health ..................................................................................................... 42 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Past and ongoing efforts ......................................................................................................................... 47 Gaps and opportunities .......................................................................................................................... 50 Overview of intersectional issues ........................................................................................................... 54 Limiting PFAS exposure from drinking ........................................................................................................ 56 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 58 Past and ongoing efforts ......................................................................................................................... 63 Gaps and opportunities .......................................................................................................................... 69 Overview of intersectional issues ........................................................................................................... 74 Reducing PFAS exposure from consuming fish and game .......................................................................... 75 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 77 Past and ongoing efforts ......................................................................................................................... 79 Gaps and opportunities .......................................................................................................................... 83 Overview of intersectional issues ........................................................................................................... 86 Limiting PFAS exposure from food .............................................................................................................. 87 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 89 Past and ongoing efforts ......................................................................................................................... 93 i Gaps and opportunities .......................................................................................................................... 96 Overview of intersectional issues ......................................................................................................... 100 Understanding risks from PFAS air emissions ........................................................................................... 101 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 103 Past and ongoing efforts ....................................................................................................................... 106 Gaps and opportunities ........................................................................................................................ 108 Overview of intersectional issues ......................................................................................................... 112 Protecting ecosystem health .................................................................................................................... 113 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 115 Past and ongoing efforts ....................................................................................................................... 118 Gaps and opportunities ........................................................................................................................ 121 Overview of intersectional issues ......................................................................................................... 125 Remediating PFAS contaminated sites ..................................................................................................... 126 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 128 Past and ongoing efforts ....................................................................................................................... 131 Gaps and opportunities ........................................................................................................................ 141 Overview of intersectional issues ......................................................................................................... 145 Managing PFAS in waste