WORLD METEOROLOGICAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION WEATHER RADAR DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE MONITORING GCOS-223 UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME FOR SCIENCE © World Meteorological Organization, 2019 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in WMO publications with named authors are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO or its Members. This publication has been issued without formal editing. Background Information for the mandate of the GCOS Task Team on the use of weather radar for climatological studies. Action A24 of the GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS-200), calls for the implementation of an archive for radar reflectivities. The Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) at its Sixteenth session (WMO-1183) endorsed the GCOS Implementation Plan and “Decides to support Members, as appropriate, in the implementation of the actions identified in the GCOS Implementation Plan”. EC-69 (WMO, 2017 - WMO, 1196) invited members “To work towards the full implementation of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) implementation plan.” At the 22nd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-22, Exeter, UK, March 2017), AOPC agreed on the creation of a dedicated task-team to work on a proposal on how best to proceed on the use of radar data for climate studies. The Task Team was established jointly with the Commission of Climatology (CCl). The Task Team was charged with: • Define climate monitoring requirements for precipitation radar data, define relevant metadata, and define best practices. Propose key parameters to be used for climate monitoring. Identify procedures for quality control of radar data specifically for climate applications. • Propose recommendation on how to harmonize retrieval and calibration methods, taking into account existing working groups. • Archives: Assess the status of existing international and national archives, including their extent and quality. Study whether existing data centres should be expanded or new structures should be created. Identify how to facilitate proper and standardized storage of local radar data for eventual reprocessing at a later stage to support climate monitoring. • Suggest procedures for handling historical data, e.g. how to document the existing data, requirements for reprocessing with new algorithms, processing for extracting data from archives for quality control of the data. The Task Team consists of Andreas Becker (Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)-Germany), Katja Friedrich (University of Colorado, USA), Rainer Hollmann,(Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)-Germany), Elena Saltikoff (Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Finland), Joshua Soderholm (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia), Bernard Urban (MeteoFrance, France). The Executive Council in 2018 was informed that AOPC had taken the lead to explore how to use radar to compliment precipitation climatology and requested that the work be undertaken in collaboration with CCl. The report of the first meeting of the task team was made available. The Task Team has worked closely with the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) Inter-Programme Expert Team on Operational Weather Radars (IPET-OWR). This report summarizes the recommendations of the task team. Further work should be carried on in collaboration with the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), CIMO IPET-OWR and CCl. Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 5 2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 3. WEATHER RADAR DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE MONITORING .................................................. 6 3.1 Definition of key parameters .................................................................................................................. 6 3.2 Metadata relevant for climate ................................................................................................................ 7 3.3 Quality control and its documentation ................................................................................................... 8 3.4 Application of GCOS climate monitoring principles to radar data .......................................................... 8 4. Assessment of the status of existing archives .......................................................................................... 8 5. GUIDANCE ON HOW TO ORGANIZE PROPER AND STANDARDIZED STORAGE AND USER INTERFACE OF LOCAL RADAR DATA AND METADATA ................................................................................................... 11 5.1 General principles ................................................................................................................................. 11 5.2 Storage organization ............................................................................................................................. 11 5.3 User interface to the data and metadata ............................................................................................. 12 6. GUIDANCE TO HANDLE HISTORICAL DATA ............................................................................................ 12 6.1 Background............................................................................................................................................ 12 6.2 Inventory ............................................................................................................................................... 13 6.3 Data rescue / conversion ...................................................................................................................... 13 6.4 Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 14 6.5 Useful links ............................................................................................................................................ 14 7. Summary and recommendations ........................................................................................................... 14 ANNEX 1: Draft for Mandatory Weather Radar Metadata for International Exchange by IPET-OWR .... 16 ANNEX 2: Survey and results .................................................................................................................... 18 ANNEX 3: Use of Weather Radar Data for Climate Data Records in WMO Regions IV and VI-URSDCM report 25 1. Introduction and scope of this paper ..................................................................................................... 26 2. Motivation for the Use of Weather Radar Data for Climatological Purposes ........................................ 26 3. Encountered Challenges ......................................................................................................................... 27 4. Activities and Experiences of Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) .............................................................. 28 5. Use of Weather Radar for Climate Data Records in WMO Region VI .................................................... 29 6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 33 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An international task team, consisting of both radar experts and climate specialists, has defined requirements for radar data to be used for climate monitoring. The most essential parameter is radar reflectivity, dBZ, to be saved as 3-dimensional volumes (known as Level 2 data – note, the definitions for ground based radars are different from those used for satellites). For essential metadata, requirements for climate do not differ from other applications, but it is essential to save the history of metadata related to different measurement configurations over the years. Processing historical data is an effort of considerable manpower that requires careful planning. It is suggested to follow the general recommendation for data rescue and harmonization and to provide