[PEACEW RKS [ Al-Baida Bara’sa Al-Hasa Al-Awama Karaghala Al-Huta Derna Al-Dirsa Al-Ubaidat Al Marj Al-Masamir Al-Shawa’ir Amazigh Warshfana Al-Dirsa Tawajir Al-Masamir Tobruk Al-Abid Al-Shahaibat Al-Nwail Zuwara Al-Urfa Al-Baida Derna Al-Mnaa Al-Zawiya Al-Awama Al-Qut’ana Labraq Al-Khwaild Suq al-Jum’a Al-Qunashat Jmail a at Al-Qubba Hubun Al-Si’an Zintan Ajailat Al-Aziziya Tukra TarhunaMsallata Awlad Bilhul Misr Awlad Dwaib Khoms Al-Marj Yefren Gharyan Tawergha Kikla Tiji Zintan Al-Asab-A ’a Mlitania Tawergha Al-Awaqir Qal’a Zwaia Tarhuna Sirt Al-Ubaidat Badr Jadu Abyar Nalut Al-Awainia Awlad Ma’raf Misrata Qadhadfa Benghaziazi** Kabaw Rujbanb Awlad Muslim Al-Ahali descendants Awlad Shaikh Ruhaibat Gharyan Az-Ziyayna Al-Fuwayha Timzin Muzawagha Al-Karaghala Bani Dawud Quarter Muraghaba Awlad al-Shaikh descendants Awlad Hamil Mashashia Bani Nasir Quarter Suluq Bani Khalifa Quarter Al-Magharba Quaminis Al-Qawasim Quarter Awlad Sulaiman Al-Fawaqir Sirt Bani Walid Ajdabiya Al-Fawaqir Firjan Mahashish Sultan Al-Magharba Bani Walid Al-Slit Warfalla Ajdabiya (Sub-divisions: Ghadamasiyya Sa’dat, Jamamla, Sabayi’, Faladna, Al-Awatin) Warfalla Ghadames Al-Majabara Waddan Al-Ashraf Awjila Rabah Jalu Al-Awajala Waddan Al-Hawana Zwayya Hun LIBYA Tuareg Sawkna Wadi Ash-Shati’ TRIBE, SECURITY,Al-Hasawna JUSTICE, AND PEACE Al-Maqarha Awlad Bu Saif Al-Rabi’at LIBYA MAJOR COMMUNITIES Sabha Awlad Bu Saif Cities Qadhadhfa IN LIBYA TODAY Awlad Hadir Small local tribes Birak Al-Rabi’at Al-Si’an Awlad Sulaiman Amazigh Al-Fazzazna Warshfana Al-Nwail Sabha Al-Fawaqir Peter Cole with Fiona Mangan Tmasseh Al-Awaqir Awbari Jirma Umm al-Aranib Al-Ubaidat Tebu Murzuq Tuareg Tebu Majabara Warfalla Firjan Awlad Sulaiman Tazirbu Al-Magharba Karaghala Karaghala refers to a set of originally Turkic and Caucasian clans, descended in part from the Ghat Tebu Ottoman janissaries who founded outposts in Libya during the Ottoman empire, but who have long since intermarried into both Arab and native Libyan tribes. Despite this, shared family connections, outlook, and culture remain among many descendants of these clans, such that today, it is a recognizable part of Libya’s Kufra Qutrun social fabric. Al-Fazzazna Al-Fazzazna refers to a number of small clans who are descended from indigenous inhabitants and trading families in the area, sometimes intermarried with Arab nomadic tribes. Tripoli and Benghazi are mixed cities, and internal economic migration Ribyana * means that today, their inhabitants hail from across Libya. They are therefore not included on this map. ABOUT THE REPORT This report examines the renewed role of tribes as guarantors of social stability and providers of security and justice services in Libya since the 2011 revolution. Supported by the International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Bureau of the U.S. Department of State, the study is part of a portfolio of rule of law work carried out by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) in Libya. Report findings are based on qualitative field research and a nationally representative survey carried out by USIP in partnership with Altai Consulting. A companion report discusses how political currents in Libya since 2011 have shaped policing and security actors on the ground. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Peter Cole is a scholar and researcher, primarily focused on Libya, the Middle East, and North Africa. The lead editor of The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath (2015), he has been a consultant for Altai Consulting since August 2015 and was formerly a senior analyst at International Crisis Group, and a special consultant on nonstate armed groups at UNSMIL and to the National Dialogue Preparatory Commission. Fiona Mangan is a senior program officer with the USIP Center for Applied Conflict Transformation and Middle East and Africa Center. Her work focuses on prison reform, organized crime, justice, and security issues. Field research and initial analysis were carried out by Naji Abou Khalil and Valérie Stocker of Altai Consulting. Cover map: A portion of the map of Libyan tribes. Map created by Isabel Kruger. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Peaceworks No. 118. First published 2016. ISBN: 978-1-60127-612-4 © 2016 by the United States Institute of Peace Al-BaidCONTENTSa Bara’sa Al-Hasa Al-Awama Karaghala Al-Huta Derna Al-Dirsa Al-Ubaidat Al Marj Al-Masamir Al-Shawa’ir Amazigh Warshfana Al-Dirsa Tawajir Al-Masamir Tobruk Al-Abid Al-Shahaibat Al-Nwail Zuwara Al-Urfa Al-Baida Derna Al-Mnaa Al-Zawiya Al-Awama Al-Qut’ana Labraq Al-Khwaild Suq al-Jum’a Al-Qunashat Jmail a at Al-Qubba Hubun Al-Si’an Zintan Ajailat Al-Aziziya Tukra TarhunaMsallata Awlad Bilhul Misr Awlad Dwaib Khoms Al-Marj Yefren Gharyan Tawergha Kikla Tiji Zintan Al-Asab-A ’a Mlitania Tawergha Al-Awaqir Qal’a Zwaia Tarhuna Sirt Al-Ubaidat Badr Jadu Abyar Nalut Al-Awainia Awlad Ma’raf Misrata Qadhadfa Benghaziazi** Kabaw Rujbanb Awlad Muslim Al-Ahali descendants Awlad Shaikh Ruhaibat Gharyan Az-Ziyayna Al-Fuwayha Timzin Muzawagha Al-Karaghala Bani Dawud Quarter Muraghaba Awlad al-Shaikh descendants Awlad Hamil Mashashia Bani Nasir Quarter Suluq Bani Khalifa Quarter Al-Magharba Quaminis Al-Qawasim Quarter Awlad Sulaiman Al-Fawaqir Sirt Bani Walid Ajdabiya Al-Fawaqir Firjan Mahashish Sultan Al-Magharba Bani Walid Al-Slit Warfalla Ajdabiya (Sub-divisions: Ghadamasiyya Sa’dat, Jamamla, Sabayi’, Faladna, Al-Awatin) Warfalla Ghadames Al-Majabara Waddan Al-Ashraf Awjila Rabah PEACEWORKS • AUGUSTJalu 2016 • NO. 118 Al-Awajala Waddan Al-Hawana Zwayya Hun LIBYA Tuareg Sawkna Wadi Ash-Shati’ Al-Hasawna Al-Maqarha Awlad Bu Saif Al-Rabi’at LIBYA MAJOR COMMUNITIES ... 5 Sabha Introduction Awlad Bu Saif Cities Qadhadhfa Small local tribes Awlad Hadir ... Birak Al-Rabi’at Al-Si’an 6 Awlad Sulaiman Tribalism in Libya Amazigh Al-Fazzazna Warshfana ... Al-Nwail 13 Sabha Tribes as Security and Justice Actors Al-Fawaqir Tmasseh Al-Awaqir Awbari Jirma ...18 Umm al-Aranib ParticipationAl-Ubaidat in Security and Justice Provision Tebu Murzuq Tuareg ...32 Tebu Majabara Conclusion Warfalla Firjan ...37 AwladAppendix Sulaiman A. Research MethodologyTazirbu Al-Magharba Karaghala ...39 Karaghala refers to a set of originally TuAppendixrkic B. Glossary and Caucasian clans, descended in part from the Ghat Tebu Ottoman janissaries who founded outposts in Libya during the Ottoman empire, but who have long since intermarried into both Arab and native Libyan tribes. Despite this, shared family connections, outlook, and culture remain among many descendants of these clans, such that today, it is a recognizable part of Libya’s Kufra Qutrun social fabric. Al-Fazzazna Al-Fazzazna refers to a number of small clans who are descended from indigenous inhabitants and trading families in the area, sometimes intermarried with Arab nomadic tribes. Tripoli and Benghazi are mixed cities, and internal economic migration Ribyana * means that today, their inhabitants hail from across Libya. They are therefore not included on this map. [Since the revolution, tribes have asserted themselves within Libya’s fractious security, justice, and peacemaking space. …As tribal involvement has grown, so has the impact of intertribal power dynamics.] Map of Libyan Tribes Al-Baida Bara’sa Al-Hasa Al-Awama Karaghala Al-Huta Derna Al-Dirsa Al-Ubaidat Al Marj Al-Masamir Al-Shawa’ir Amazigh Warshfana Al-Dirsa Tawajir Al-Masamir Tobruk Al-Abid Al-Shahaibat Al-Nwail Zuwara Al-Urfa Al-Baida Derna Al-Mnaa Al-Zawiya Al-Awama Al-Qut’ana Labraq Al-Khwaild Suq al-Jum’a Al-Qunashat Jmail a at Al-Qubba Hubun Al-Si’an Zintan Ajailat Al-Aziziya rhuna Tukra Ta Msallata Awlad Bilhul Misr Awlad Dwaib Khoms Al-Marj Yefren Gharyan Tawergha Kikla Tiji Zintan Al-Asab-A ’a Mlitania Tawergha Al-Awaqir Qal’a Zwaia Tarhuna Sirt Al-Ubaidat Badr Jadu Abyar Nalut Al-Awainia Awlad Ma’raf Misrata Qadhadfa Benghaziazi** Kabaw Rujbanb Awlad Muslim Al-Ahali descendants Awlad Shaikh Ruhaibat Gharyan Az-Ziyayna Al-Fuwayha Timzin Muzawagha Al-Karaghala Bani Dawud Quarter Muraghaba Awlad al-Shaikh descendants Awlad Hamil Mashashia Bani Nasir Quarter Suluq Bani Khalifa Quarter Al-Magharba Quaminis Al-Qawasim Quarter Awlad Sulaiman Al-Fawaqir Sirt Bani Walid Ajdabiya Al-Fawaqir Firjan Mahashish Sultan Al-Magharba Bani Walid Al-Slit Warfalla Ajdabiya (Sub-divisions: Ghadamasiyya Sa’dat, Jamamla, Sabayi’, Faladna, Al-Awatin) Warfalla Ghadames Al-Majabara Waddan Al-Ashraf Awjila Rabah Jalu Al-Awajala Waddan Al-Hawana Zwayya Hun LIBYA Tuareg Sawkna Wadi Ash-Shati’ Al-Hasawna Al-Maqarha Awlad Bu Saif Al-Rabi’at LIBYA MAJOR COMMUNITIES Sabha Awlad Bu Saif Cities Qadhadhfa Awlad Hadir Small local tribes Birak Al-Rabi’at Al-Si’an Awlad Sulaiman Amazigh Al-Fazzazna Warshfana Al-Nwail Sabha Al-Fawaqir Tmasseh Al-Awaqir Awbari Jirma Umm al-Aranib Al-Ubaidat Tebu Murzuq Tuareg Tebu Majabara Warfalla Firjan Awlad Sulaiman Tazirbu Al-Magharba Karaghala Karaghala refers to a set of originally Turkic and Caucasian clans, descended in part from the Ghat Tebu Ottoman janissaries who founded outposts in Libya during the Ottoman empire, but who have long since intermarried into both Arab and native Libyan tribes. Despite this, shared family connections, outlook, and culture remain among many descendants of these clans, such that today, it is a recognizable part of Libya’s Kufra Qutrun social fabric. Al-Fazzazna Al-Fazzazna refers to a number of small clans who are descended from indigenous inhabitants and trading families in the area, sometimes intermarried with Arab nomadic tribes. Tripoli and Benghazi are mixed cities, and internal economic migration Ribyana * means that today, their inhabitants hail from across Libya.