THE ROLE OF OCEAN POLICIES IN POVERTY REDUCTION INSIGHTS FROM CAPE VERDE, PORTUGAL AND SAO TOME E PRINCIPE Gonsalo Cameiro Cardiff University 2011 UMI Number: U585473 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U585473 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Declaration This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed a .t v . frr.... f r f . f * ...... D ate...... This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed C ' ~ « r f . ' . • »............. D ate.........?:?. /.Q.S.... ?5?Jl........ This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed .......... D ate.........n .............................. I hereby give consent for my thesis to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ....... D ate....... /.P.1.... ....... I hereby give consent for my thesis to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Dedication To Ana, Clara, Maria and Francisco. In loving memory of my grandmother Maria Jose Ventura dos Santos (1923-2010). Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisor, Dr Hance Smith, for his guidance and attentive counselling throughout this work. In the three study countries I thank the following persons for their voluntary contribution. In Cape Verde: Adelaide Ribeiro, Luciano Fonseca, Edelmira Carvalho, Liza Lima, Jose Lima, Oscar Melicio, Osvaldina Silva, Elisia Cruz, Jose Lopes Veiga, Franklim Spencer, Zeferino Fortes, Carlos Brito), Luis Viula, Celestino Oliveira, Nelson Atanasio, Joao Pires, Antero Alfama, Euclides Monteiro, Joana Hancock, Julio Rocha, Angela Borges, Ramiro Azevedo, Antonio Monteiro, Joaquim Tavares, Paulo Varela and Celeste Benchimol. I am particularly thankful to Benvindo Fonseca for his warm reception in S. Vicente. In Portugal: Joao Nunes, Conceigao Loureiro, Joao Ventura, Lia Vasconcelos, Carlos Macedo, Carlos Fernando Macedo, Antonio Julio Cruz, Miguel Henriques, Cesar Monteiro, Ricardo Santos, Rita Vaz, Antonio Messias, Joao Narciso, Arsenio Rafael, Antonio Marques, Tiago Cagica, Jo Pinto, ANARESE, Barbara Duque, Susana Salvador, Miguel Conde, Jose Saleiro, Miguel Sequeira, Paulo Pires, Isabel Torres de Noronha and Marina N'Deye Silva. In Sao Tome e Principe: Joao Pessoa, Jorge Carvalho, Idalecio Joao, Manuel Nascimento, Jose Vera Cruz, Vftor Bonfim, Horacio Cravid, Fausto Vera Cruz, Olavo Anibal, Graciano Costa, Filinto Costa Alegre, Mr Morais, Nuno Loureiro, Damiao Matos, Jose Rodrigues, Angelino Luciano, Osvaldo Mesquita, Maite Mendizabal, Rui Vera Cruz, Antonio Aguiar, Filipina Rocha, Aigentino Santos and the National Coordinator of the European Development Fund. I am particularly indebted to Joao Paulo Cassandra and Antonio Jose Cassandra for their most kind welcome to the island of Principe. On a more personal level I am grateful to Marco Monteiro for assistance during my field work in Sesimbra; to Pedro Vicente for advice on conducting research in Cape Verde and Sao Tome e Principe; to Joao Pimenta de Abreu, for his friendship and for encouraging and supporting my graduate studies; and to Azmath Jaleel for assistance with printing of this thesis. I thank especially my family - Ana and our children Clara, Maria and Francisco - for all the support and joy, and for putting up with my absences. I extend this acknowledgement to my parents. I also thank Prof Aldo Chircop, at Dalhousie Law School, for encouraging me to contact the group of Dr Hance Smith at Cardiff University. Finally, I am grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology of the Portuguese Science Ministry, as well as to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation for their financial support, without which this work would not have been possible. Responsibility for errors and omissions remains solely with me. Gongalo Cameiro June 2011 iii Declaration This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed .......................................................................... D ate.......................................... This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed .......................................................................... D ate.......................................... This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed .......................................................................... D ate.......................................... I hereby give consent for my thesis to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed .......................................................................... D ate.......................................... I hereby give consent for my thesis to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed Date Summary of the Thesis Student ID Number: 706583 Tide: Mr Surname: Cameiro First Names: Gon^alo School: Earth and Ocean Sciences Tide of Degree: PhD The Role of Ocean Policies in Poverty Reduction - Insights from Full Tide of Thesis Cape Verde, Portugal and Sao Tome e Principe Summary of the Thesis: This study investigates the role played by ocean and coastal resource management interventions in national poverty reduction efforts in Cape Verde, Portugal and Sao Tome e Principe. It reviews the main ocean sectors of these countries and the respective policies. It also discusses the poverty situation in each country and analyses the respective strategies in terms of their linkages with ocean sectors. A comparative analysis of the findings from the individual cases is provided. A review of the concept of poverty highlights the implications of its threshold effect. An account is provided of the evolution of the concept towards multi-dimensionality and of the implications of this process for policy-making and the unstable use of the term. The published evidence relative to impacts of ocean management interventions on human well-being is analysed. It is concluded that this evidence is currently limited and only rarely comparable across different settings, a consequence of the application of different methods to evaluate distinct dimensions of well-being. No such evidence exists from any of the study countries. The importance of expanding the existing body of evidence is highlighted. This study concludes that poverty is awarded limited attention in the ocean sectors of the three countries. Similarly, the actual and potential contribution of these sectors to poverty reduction is poorly explored in poverty reduction instruments. Where poverty is explicitly linked to ocean activities, it is often conceptualised in terms of income, employment and nutrition alone, leaving out other relevant dimensions of well-being. This reflects on the proposed ocean policy measures. It was found that these are also conditioned by other societal imperatives, notably those related to the conservation of resources, and, more importantly, by objectives relating to the management of ocean activities. Table of Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... ix PARTI...........................................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Rationale of the Research......................................................................................................................2 1.2 Research Question and Objectives ..........................................................................................................3 1.3 Case-study Approach .............................................................................................................................4 1.4 Methodology .........................................................................................................................................6 1.5 Document Structure ...............................................................................................................................9 1.6 Definitions ..........................................................................................................................................