ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY AND ERRORS ACROSS PROFICIENCY GROUPS ON AN OBJECT AND ACTION NAMING BATTERY: PRELIMINARY NORMATIVE DATA FOR YOUNG SPANISH/ENGLISH BILINGUAL SPEAKERS By MARIA ANDREINA NIETO QUINTERO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 María Andreína Nieto Quintero 2 To Jeanne, Lauri and Courtney Without you this accomplishment would have been impossible 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Lisa Edmonds for encouraging me to pursue this endeavor and for walking me through the process step by step, without her unconditional support this thesis would not be possible. I thank Dr. Jessica Aaron for accepting to be part of my committee and for her guidance throughout the process. I would like to express my special gratitude to Vanessa Maltby and Andrea Rosales for collecting the data. I would particularly like to thank Melissa Iandoli for transcribing and scoring the English data and Diana Soto for performing reliability in Spanish and helping with the development of scoring criteria. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 11 Background and Significance ..................................................................................................... 11 Testing Lexical Retrieval for Nouns (BNT) .............................................................................. 12 Testing Lexical Retrieval for Verbs ........................................................................................... 15 Models of Lexical Retrieval in Bilingual Speakers .................................................................. 16 Word Association Model .................................................................................................... 17 Concept Mediation Model................................................................................................... 18 Revised Hierarchical Model................................................................................................ 18 Mixed Model ........................................................................................................................ 19 Adaptation of the Models for the Present Study ................................................................ 20 Activation Flow in Lexical Retrieval ......................................................................................... 20 Selection Mechanism in Lexical Retrieval ................................................................................ 22 Errors of Lexical Retrieval in Bilingual Speakers .................................................................... 23 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 27 2 METHOD .................................................................................................................................... 32 Participants .................................................................................................................................. 32 Stimuli .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Testing Procedures ...................................................................................................................... 33 Treatment of Data........................................................................................................................ 33 Accuracy Scoring................................................................................................................. 33 Error Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 35 General errors ............................................................................................................... 36 Bilingual errors ............................................................................................................. 37 Reliability .................................................................................................................................... 37 3 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 44 Division of Proficiency Groups .................................................................................................. 44 Overall Accuracies ...................................................................................................................... 44 Accuracy by Proficiency Group ................................................................................................. 44 English Dominant Group .................................................................................................... 44 5 Balanced Group ................................................................................................................... 45 Spanish Dominant Group .................................................................................................... 45 Overall Errors .............................................................................................................................. 45 Errors by Proficiency Group....................................................................................................... 46 English Dominant Group .................................................................................................... 46 Balanced Group ................................................................................................................... 46 Spanish Dominant Group .................................................................................................... 46 4 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................. 51 APPENDIX A LIST OF ALTERNATIVE RESPONSES FOR ENGLISH NOUNS AND VERBS ............. 56 B SPANISH PROTOCOL OF AN OBJECT AND ACTION NAMING BATTERY AND LIST OF ALTERNATIVE RESPONSES FOR NOUNS AND VERBS ................................ 57 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 62 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................................. 66 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Summary of overall participants’ questionnaire responses ................................................. 39 2-2 Criteria for accuracy scoring ................................................................................................. 40 2-3 Criteria for accuracy scoring specific to Spanish verb responses ....................................... 41 2-4 General error categories and examples ................................................................................. 42 2-5 Crosslinguistic and language mixing error categories and examples ................................. 42 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Three levels of representation ............................................................................................... 29 1-2 Models of lexical retrieval in bilingual speakers. ................................................................ 30 1-3 Schematic representation of the activation flow and the selection mechanism ................. 31 2-1 Countries of Representation .................................................................................................. 38 3-1 Number of participants per proficiency group. .................................................................... 47 3-2 Overall accuracies .................................................................................................................. 47 3-3 Accuracies by proficiency groups ......................................................................................... 48 3-4 Error type by proficiency group before collapsing categories. ........................................... 49 3-5 Overall percent error by error type after collapsing categories. .......................................... 50 3-6 Error type by proficiency group after collapsing categories. .............................................. 50 8 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY AND ERRORS ACROSS PROFICIENCY GROUPS ON AN OBJECT AND ACTION NAMING BATTERY: PRELIMINARY NORMATIVE DATA FOR YOUNG SPANISH/ENGLISH BILINGUAL SPEAKERS By María Andreína Nieto Quintero May 2009 Chair: Lisa A. Edmonds Major: Communication Sciences and Disorders Projections regarding the rapidly increasing number of Spanish speakers