Doctrine, Strategy and Military Culture: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987-2007 Author Jackson, Aaron Published 2013 Version Version of Record (VoR) Copyright Statement © Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2013. The attached file is reproduced here in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the publisher’s website for further information. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/116600 Link to published version http://publications.gc.ca/pub?id=9.697335&sl=0 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Doctrine, Strategy and Military Culture: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 Aaron P. Jackson Doctrine, Strategy and Military Culture: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 Aaron P. Jackson D2-320/2013 978-1-100-54502-8 This publication is available online at Trenton.mil.ca/lodger/CFAWC/eLibrary/eLibrary_e.asp on the intranet or at www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/cfawc/eLibrary/eLibrary_e.asp on the Internet. Design and editing by Canadian Forces Aerospace Warfare Centre Production Section. The views expressed in this book are the author’s own and are not necessarily those of the Australian Defence Organization or any part thereof. Nor do they reflect the views of the Canadian Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Editor’s note: Where it does not interfere with the text, changes to spelling and punctuation have been made to reflect Canadian preferences; however, the Australian and New Zealand spelling and writing conventions have been retained where appropriate. © Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2013 To my parents Doctrine, Strategy and Military Culture: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................vii List of Figures .....................................................................................................................vii Synopsis ............................................................................................................................viii Introduction ........................................................................................................................ix Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 ...................................................................................... ix Military-Strategic Doctrine ...................................................................................................... ix Scope and Methodology.......................................................................................................... xiii Key Findings .............................................................................................................................xv Structure ................................................................................................................................ xviii Terminology .............................................................................................................................xix Part One: Background ...........................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: A Suitable Choice: The Grounds for Comparing Australia, Canada and New Zealand ......................................................................................................1 Factors Setting Australia, Canada and New Zealand Apart .......................................................1 Building Common Military Cultures: Historic Similarities .......................................................4 Contemporary Societal Similarities .......................................................................................... 11 Key Differences ......................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion: A Suitable Choice for Comparison ...................................................................... 17 Chapter 2: The Decade of Uncertainty: Strategic Policy Developments and Operational Undertakings, 1987–1997 ...........................................................................19 Strategic Policy Themes Prior to 1987 ...................................................................................... 19 Proclaiming New Agendas: The 1987 Defence White Papers .................................................. 25 Ignoring Agendas or Just Coping with Change? 1987–1992 ................................................... 27 Responding to Ongoing Uncertainty, 1992–1997 .................................................................... 32 Conclusion: The Broader Political Context During the Decade of Uncertainty....................... 37 Chapter 3: The Decade of Complexity: Strategic Policy Developments and Operational Undertakings, 1997–2007 ....................................................................................................39 A Period of Reform, 1997–2001 .............................................................................................. 39 Adjusting to the Post-9/11 Security Environment, 2001–2007 ............................................... 48 Conclusion: The Broader Political Context During the Decade of Complexity ....................... 58 Table of Contents vii Doctrine, Strategy and Military Culture: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 Part Two: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development ............................................................61 Chapter 4: Conceptualizing Land Power: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand Armies, 1987–2007 ..................................................61 Doctrine Development During the 1980s: The Emergence of Operational Doctrine .............. 62 Towards Military-Strategic Army Doctrine, 1987–1998 ......................................................... 65 Conceptual and Doctrinal Developments, 1998–2007 ............................................................. 74 Summary and Implications: Military-Strategic Army Doctrine .............................................. 82 Chapter 5: Explaining the Naval Rationale: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in the Royal Australian Navy, Royal Canadian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy, 1987–2007 .........85 The Naval Role in National Strategy ........................................................................................ 85 Naval Military-Strategic Doctrine Development, 1987–1997 ................................................. 91 The Refinement of Naval Military-Strategic Doctrine, 1997–2007 ......................................... 97 Summary and Implications: Military-Strategic Navy Doctrine ............................................. 103 Chapter 6: Enabling Air Power Education: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in the Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force, 1987–2007 ......................................................................................................... 107 The Establishment, Development and Culture of Air Forces ................................................. 107 Military-Strategic Air Power Doctrine Emerges, 1987–1997 ................................................ 112 The Divergence of Air Power Doctrine Development, 1997–2007 ........................................ 119 Summary and Implications: Military-Strategic Air Force Doctrine ...................................... 126 Chapter 7: Writing the Little Purple Book: Military-Strategic Joint Doctrine Development in the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand Armed Forces, 1987–2007 ............................. 131 An Overview of the Conceptual Evolution of Jointery .......................................................... 131 Becoming Joint: The Evolution of Jointery within the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand Armed Forces ............................................................................................ 136 Joint Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand ................................... 147 Summary and Implications: Military-Strategic Joint Doctrine .............................................. 156 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 161 Dissecting Military-Strategic Doctrine .................................................................................. 161 Prominent Influences on Doctrine Development ................................................................... 161 Key Intended Effects of Doctrine .......................................................................................... 165 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 169 viii Table of Contents Doctrine, Strategy and Military Culture: Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 171 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................