COMPARATIVE PSYCHOPATHOLOCY Animal and Human Edited by J0SEPH zlJBIN, Ph.f). Department of Mental Hygiene, State of New York; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York Citv und HOWARD F. HUNT, Ph.f). New York State Psychiatric Institute; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY.FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SMERICAN PSYCHOPATHOLOGJ.. CAL ASSOCIATIg\ HELD IN NEq YORK CITY, FEBRUARY, I96f. GRUI\E & STRATTOI\ NEU/ YORK o LONDON o 1967 RE K3 B),Jr? ?roJc'u Xth 13.lt.b \ SAMUEL \t/. HAMILTON AVARDS NAME SYMPOSIUM Clarence P. Oberndorf, M.D. 1952 Depression John C. Whitehorn, M.D. 1953 Psychiatry and the La,ut David M. Levy, M.D. L954 Psychopath,ology ol Childhood Stanley Cobb, M.D. 1955 Experimental Psych.opathology Sandor Rado, M.D. 1956 Psychopathology ol Communi- catton Karl M. Bowman, M.D. L957 Problems ol Addiction an^d H abituation Bernard Glueck, St., M.D. I95B Trend,s in, Psycltoanalysis Sir Aubrey Lewis, M.D. 1959 Comparatiue Epid,emiology in the Mental Disorders Franz J. Kallmann, M.D. 1960 Psychopathology ol Aging Nolan D. C. Lewis, M.D. 1961 Future ol Psychiatry Franz Alexander, M.D. L962 Eaaluntion ot' Therapy Heinrich Kliiver, Ph.D. 1963 Psychopathology ol Percep'tion Paul H. Hoch, M.D. 1964 Psychopath,ology ol Schizophrenia Curt P. Richter, Ph.D. 1965 Comparatiue Psyclropathology HENRY M. AND LILLIAN STRATTOI\ AWARDS Name Symposium James Birren, Ph.D. 1960 Psych,opathology ol A ging Benjamin Pasamanick, M.D. 1961 Future of Psychintry Heinz E. Lehmann, M.D. L962 Eualuation ol Therapy Charles W. Eriksen, Ph.D. 1963 Psychopathology ol Perception Ronald Melzack, Ph.D. 1963 P sychopathology ol P ercep,tion Robert W. Payne, Ph.D. 1964 Psychopathology ol Sch,izophrenia Kurt Salzinger, Ph.D. L964 Psychopathology ol Sch,izophrenia David A. Rogers, Ph.D. 1965 C omparatiue P sychopath.ology Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67'L33L7 Copyright O 1967 Crune & Stratton, Inc. 381 Park Avenue South N"rn York, N.Y. 10016 Printed in U.S.A. (K-A) COT[TENTS aa PnEfrqrCg ....................o.......................................r.o....o.o...""'o""""ooo""" vll Cunr P. RrcnrER: S.Lvrurr W. HlutrroN Me uoRIAL Le cruRER, a 1965, Lawrence C. Kolb xl Part I: Sociocultural Environmental Factors I. EcorocrcAr, Flcrons rN TrrE DrvsropMENT oF BEHIv' IoRAL ANoMALIEs, tohn B. Calhoun, I 2. Socu,r, SrnucruRE AND PsycHIATRIC DtsonoER: A Tnro- RETICAL NOTEr' lohn Cummiog and R. Ioy Turner ............ 52 3. BgH.avloul F,tcrons St.lgtuzlNc Socmr Onc,q,NIzATIoN rN AuruaI,s, Willinm Etkin 63 4. AsNonMAL SrpnporypED Moton Acts, Gershon. Berkson .. 76 5. Socltl, BuH^q,vIoR AND Soct.tr Hlena.ncHy IN THE Fonu^A' TIoN oF PBnsoNALITy Pnorlres IN ANlvrlr.s, Benson E. Ginsburg 95 DlscusSIoN, Ari Kiea ................o...................oo............................o....... I16 Part II: Genetics, Internal Environment, and Brain Function 6. WlrupRAwAL AND Fxlttol Ru,tcrIoNS IN Rouottts, W. T Liberson 120 7. BErr,q,vIoRAL Aspacrs oF Ctnc.nu.l,nq RHytuMS, Ch,arles F. I58 Stroebel ....... .. r.. o o..... ..... o.. o.. o o.... o... o..... ........... .... ..... ........ " B. PnrN^q,TAL GoN.q,oA,L HonuoNES AND BrruvloR IN THE AoUrr, William C. Young ...................................................... L73 g. Ar,cOuor PnETTRENCE IN Mlce, Daaid A. Ro'dgers ........o... IB4 DtscussloN, Murray Clusman 202 10. Samuel W. Hamilton Memorial Award Lecture: Psvcno' pATHoLoGy oF Prnlootc BnH,q,vIoR IN Antu.ms AND M^1,w, C urt P . Richter . o . o . 205 v vr CONTENTS Part III: Behavioral Stutlies II. Avnnstvs Cournor IN RrurroN To THE DrvEropMENT oF BrnavroRAl DrsonoERS, Richard L. Solomon 228 12. Tne PnacucAl MontucATror\ oF DEvrlNr Be u.rvroR Tnnoucn Oppnlivr TrcHNreuES, T. Allyon 244 13. DtssocIATIoN oF LranxING II\ Rlrs AND rrs SrurraRrrrEs To DrssocIATIvE Srarrs IN Mlu, Eugene Sachs ................ 24g L4. P.rnarLELS BrrwEEry Axrnaar, AND Huvrau NrunosEs, I oseph W olpe 305 DtscussIoN, H oward F. Hurut ..r...............r......................................... 3I4 In Memoriam, Franz I. Kallmann 322 In Mernorinnt, Paul H. Hoch ...... 226 Appendix MEMBTRSHIP oF THE AuuntcAN PsycuopATHolocrcAl Assocu- TIOI{ 330 Plsr AND Pnrsuxr OprrcEns oF THE AurnrcAN PsycHopATHo- LocrcAL AssoclATroN 34L Index 343 PREFACE [I ur vARIETY oF scIENTIFIC MoDELS that have been proposed for I investigating the etiology of mental disorders has given rise to hypotheses that have led to work with animals as well as with men. An attempt is made in this volume to j uxtapose human and animal work in order to demonstrate similarities and differences between them. Whether or not animals may properly be said to exhibit mental illness remains an open question. Nevertheless, the development of "experimental neuroses" and conditioned emotional responses in an- imals has led to a number of behavioral and neurophysiological experiments with important implications for man, even though species differences make f acile generalizations hazardous. The phenomenological or naturalistic approach that has been the mainstay of psychiatry until recently is shown to have its counterpart in field investigations of the influence and expression of dominance, frustration, aggression, and sexual drives in animals, and in the interplay of these and other factors in producirg normal or deviant behavior. Developmental, genetic, internal-environment, and neurophysiological models are each represented in this volume; and examples of the learning-theory approach complete it. Studies of the last type demon- strate that reinforcement and conditioning laws in animals have their parallels in men, and that the mentally ill are subject to them too. Indeed, it would be surprising were it found that these laws-which are characteristic of the entire mammalian order, at least-did not apply to mental patients. Application of reinforcement principles to alter psychotic behavior or to eliminate neurotic behavior has created new approaches to management and therapy. Needed now are methods for determining ( 1) whether experimentally induced alterations gen- eralize to other aspects of the patient's behavior, and (2) which approaches are most suitable to which disorders. To answer these questions adequately, we need objective indicators of "udjustment" as a whole, as well as of discrete behavioral changes. Also, and perhaps more important, the comparative approach to psychopathology encourages a continuous cross-dialogue or cross-com- parison between animal and human data. In some instances, we will ( be lucky enough to find animal analogues or maybe even homologues ) of the human situation that will permit the results of animal experi- mentation to bear directly and immediately on the solution of human vii vul PREFACE problems. In others, and these probably will be more frequent, we will find that apparently obvious analogies are superficial and do not truly hold. To arrive at such discoveries, we will have been forced to analyze more closely the basic processes responsible f or what is observed at each level, regardless of whether the processes are the same or different. The fallout in new knowledgt here will be enormously beneficial. In effect, continued confrontation between human and animal data, even when not truly analogous, challenges us and thus stimulates the development of knowledg" about fundamental processes of importance to mental health. That such knowledg" is good and worthwhile is an assumption, of course, but it has been so well supported already that we need not fear being forced to abandon it. Josnpn ZuelN How.q,no F. HuNr 7 Cunr P. Rrcurrn CURT P. RICHTER Samuel W, Hamilton Memorial Lecturer) 7965 r]lon ovER FouR DECADEs there has emerged from the Laboratory .f of Psychobiology of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, a steady stream of researches which have progressively illuminated a number of significant facets of behavior, both healthy and deviant. The imaginative leadership of the laboratory, which has attracted as collaborators so many dis- tinguished colleagues and talented young beginners in the field of psychopathology, has rested throughout this period in the hands of the man selected for the Samuel W. Hamilton Memorial Lectureship P. Richter, Professor of Psychobiology. -Curt Perhaps in the early years of Dr. Richter's wide-ranging explorations casual reviewers of his publications may have been unclear as to the goals and contributions of the laboratory as they searched for a central theme or cohesive theoretical bent. Now one may discern a steady progression of researches that fall into a series of significant investi' gative lines. Perhaps self-regulatory behavior of animals and men, particularly periodic timing devices-biological clocks, as they have been called-have come to a more general recognition and acclaim than other lines of investigation. But the other lines are equally significant and interesting. Thus the laboratory centered one portion of its endeavors on the study of spontaneous behavior and activities, examining systematically their control through functional processes of the central nervous system, the endocrines, and variations in nutrition. Another long series of studies concerned with domesticatioYi of the Norway rat may now be appreciated as bearing on the biological consequences of civilization on organisms, and as contributing to our understanding of stress responses in different species. There was also a series of papers elucidating the role of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the functioning of the total organism in stress situations inducing emotional reactions, and also those highly pene- trating investigations of the grasp reflex in animals and man under a variety of natural and experimental situations. Only a man with a deep and abiding curiosity, a roving mind, a talent f or bringing to association a variety of observations garnered from the behavior of animals and man, and an ability to devise experi- xi Xii CURT P. RICHTER Inents with technical niceties could effectively guide such a dis- tinguished series of behavioral studies over the -"r,y years.