Apache HTTP Server Documentation Version 2.0 Apache Software Foundation October 6, 2005 ii About The PDF Documentation Copyright c 2005 The Apache Software Foundation Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the ”License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 This version of the Apache HTTP Server Documentation is converted from XML source files to LATEX using XSLT with the help of Apache Ant, Apache XML Xalan, and Apache XML Xerces. Since the HTML version of the documentation is more commonly checked during development, the PDF version may contain some errors and inconsistencies, especially in formatting. If you have difficulty reading a part of this file, please consult the HTML version of the documentation on the Apache HTTP Server website at http://httpd.apache.org/docs- 2.0/ The Apache HTTP Server Documentation is maintained by the Apache HTTP Server Documentation Project. More information is available at http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/ Contents 1 Release Notes 1 1.1 Upgrading to 2.0 from 1.3 ........................................ 2 1.2 Overview of new features in Apache 2.0 ................................. 4 1.3 The Apache License, Version 2.0 ..................................... 6 2 Using the Apache HTTP Server 9 2.1 Compiling and Installing ......................................... 10 2.2 Starting Apache .............................................. 14 2.3 Stopping and Restarting .......................................... 16 2.4 Configuration Files ............................................ 19 2.5 Configuration Sections .......................................... 21 2.6 Server-Wide Configuration ........................................ 27 2.7 Log Files ................................................. 29 2.8 Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations ................................. 36 2.9 Security Tips ............................................... 40 2.10 Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support ................................. 44 2.11 Content Negotiation ............................................ 47 2.12 Custom Error Responses ......................................... 54 2.13 Binding .................................................. 57 2.14 Multi-Processing Modules (MPMs) ................................... 59 2.15 Environment Variables in Apache .................................... 60 2.16 Apache’s Handler Use .......................................... 65 2.17 Filters ................................................... 67 2.18 suEXEC Support ............................................. 68 2.19 Apache Performance Tuning ....................................... 73 2.20 URL Rewriting Guide ........................................... 85 3 Apache Virtual Host documentation 109 3.1 Apache Virtual Host documentation ................................... 110 iii iv CONTENTS 3.2 Name-based Virtual Host Support .................................... 111 3.3 Apache IP-based Virtual Host Support .................................. 114 3.4 Dynamically configured mass virtual hosting .............................. 116 3.5 VirtualHost Examples ........................................... 121 3.6 An In-Depth Discussion of Virtual Host Matching ............................ 129 3.7 File Descriptor Limits ........................................... 134 3.8 Issues Regarding DNS and Apache .................................... 136 4 Apache Server Frequently Asked Questions 139 4.1 Frequently Asked Questions ....................................... 140 4.2 Support - Frequently Asked Questions .................................. 141 4.3 Error Messages - Frequently Asked Questions .............................. 143 5 Apache SSL/TLS Encryption 145 5.1 Apache SSL/TLS Encryption ....................................... 146 5.2 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction .............................. 147 5.3 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: Compatibility ............................... 156 5.4 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: How-To .................................. 160 5.5 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ .................................... 165 6 Guides, Tutorials, and HowTos 179 6.1 How-To / Tutorials ............................................ 180 6.2 Authentication, Authorization and Access Control ............................ 181 6.3 Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI .............................. 185 6.4 Apache Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes .......................... 191 6.5 Apache Tutorial: .htaccess files ...................................... 197 6.6 Per-user web directories .......................................... 202 6.7 Apache Tutorials ............................................. 204 7 Platform-specific Notes 207 7.1 Platform Specific Notes .......................................... 208 7.2 Using Apache with Microsoft Windows ................................. 209 7.3 Compiling Apache for Microsoft Windows ............................... 217 7.4 Using Apache With Novell NetWare ................................... 222 7.5 Running a High-Performance Web Server on HPUX .......................... 228 7.6 The Apache EBCDIC Port ........................................ 229 8 Apache HTTP Server and Supporting Programs 233 8.1 Server and Supporting Programs ..................................... 234 CONTENTS v 8.2 httpd - Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol Server ........................... 235 8.3 ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool .............................. 237 8.4 apachectl - Apache HTTP Server Control Interface ........................... 239 8.5 apxs - APache eXtenSion tool ...................................... 241 8.6 configure - Configure the source tree ................................... 245 8.7 dbmmanage - Manage user authentication files in DBM format ..................... 255 8.8 htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases .............................. 257 8.9 htdigest - manage user files for digest authentication ........................... 260 8.10 htpasswd - Manage user files for basic authentication .......................... 261 8.11 logresolve - Resolve IP-addresses to hostnames in Apache log files ................... 263 8.12 rotatelogs - Piped logging program to rotate Apache logs ........................ 264 8.13 suexec - Switch user before executing external programs ........................ 266 8.14 Other Programs .............................................. 267 9 Apache Miscellaneous Documentation 269 9.1 Apache Miscellaneous Documentation .................................. 270 9.2 International Customized Server Error Messages ............................ 271 9.3 Connections in the FIN WAIT 2 state and Apache ............................ 279 9.4 Known Problems in Clients ........................................ 284 9.5 Descriptors and Apache .......................................... 289 9.6 Relevant Standards ............................................ 292 10 Apache modules 295 10.1 Terms Used to Describe Modules ..................................... 296 10.2 Terms Used to Describe Directives .................................... 297 10.3 Apache Module core ........................................... 300 10.4 Apache Module mod access ....................................... 340 10.5 Apache Module mod actions ....................................... 344 10.6 Apache Module mod alias ........................................ 346 10.7 Apache Module mod asis ......................................... 351 10.8 Apache Module mod auth ........................................ 353 10.9 Apache Module mod auth anon ..................................... 356 10.10Apache Module mod auth dbm ...................................... 359 10.11Apache Module mod auth digest ..................................... 362 10.12Apache Module mod auth ldap ...................................... 367 10.13Apache Module mod autoindex ..................................... 378 10.14Apache Module mod cache ........................................ 389 10.15Apache Module mod cern meta ..................................... 395 vi CONTENTS 10.16Apache Module mod cgi ......................................... 397 10.17Apache Module mod cgid ........................................ 400 10.18Apache Module mod charset lite ..................................... 401 10.19Apache Module mod dav ......................................... 404 10.20Apache Module mod dav fs ....................................... 408 10.21Apache Module mod deflate ....................................... 409 10.22Apache Module mod dir ......................................... 414 10.23Apache Module mod disk cache ..................................... 416 10.24Apache Module mod dumpio ....................................... 421 10.25Apache Module mod echo ........................................ 423 10.26Apache Module mod env ......................................... 424 10.27Apache Module mod example ...................................... 426 10.28Apache Module mod expires ....................................... 428 10.29Apache Module mod ext filter ...................................... 431 10.30Apache Module mod file cache ..................................... 437 10.31Apache Module mod headers ....................................... 440 10.32Apache Module mod imap ........................................ 444 10.33Apache Module mod include ....................................... 448 10.34Apache Module mod info ......................................... 457