THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA RAPID ASSESSMENT ON CHILD LABOUR IN TOBACCO GROWING COMMUNITIES IN TABORA REGION, TANZANIA RAPID ASSESSMENT ON CHILD LABOUR IN TOBACCO GROWING COMMUNITIES IN TABORA REGION, TANZANIA International Programme on Eliminating Child Labour International Labour Organization (ILO) Copyright © International Labour Organization and Government of Tanzania, 2016 First published 2016 For rights of reproduction application should be made either to the ILO: ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected] or to the Government of Tanzania. For rights of translation application should be made to the ILO, acting on behalf of both organizations, to the address mentioned above. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO and the Government of Tanzania Rapid assessment on child labour in tobacco growing communities in Tabora region, Tanzania / International Labour Office, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FUNDAMENTALS); Government of Tanzania - Geneva: ILO, 2016 ISBN: 9789221312307 (print); 9789221312314 (web pdf) International Labour Office. Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch. Tanzania. Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu. child labour / tobacco worker / working conditions / demographic aspect / survey / regional level / Tanzania 13.01.2 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Acknowledgements The rapid assessment was prepared by Mlwande C.D. Madihi, independent consultant. Technical inputs were provided by Charlotte Goemans, Associate Expert Child Labour and Youth Employment, ILO Dar es Salaam Country Office, by Nadine Osseiran, Senior Programme and Operations Officer, ILO Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch, and by Michaelle de Cock, Senior Statistician, ILO Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch. The rapid assessment team would like to thank all key informants and children for their time and useful inputs into the study. Funding for this ILO publication was provided by the Japan Tobacco International. This publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of Japan Tobacco International, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by Japan Tobacco International. The designations employed in this publicationand the presentation of data therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO and the Government of Tanzania concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. ILO and the Government of Tanzania do not accept any responsibility in case of inaccuracy, error or omission of for any consequence related of the use of this data. Cover photo © M. Crozet Design and printing by the International Training Centre of the ILO, Turin – Italy Foreword In 2012, the ILO estimated that there were as is a unique public-private sector partnership many as 168 million children in child labour between ILO, Japan Tobacco International (JTI), all over the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, and Winrock International. In 2015, Tanzania 59 million children are in child labour. Africa has been identified as one of the ARISE continues to be the region with the highest beneficiary countries in addition to Brazil, Malawi incidence with more than 1 in 5 children in child and Zambia. ARISE is a very timely initiative labour. Agriculture is by far the sector where which will give a new impetus to the fight against the highest number of child labourers can be child labour. found. In 2015, with ILO’s support, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Government of This report has been undertaken to start off Tanzania developed a child labour module the ARISE programme in Tanzania on the right within the Integrated Labour Force Survey. In foot and with the required information on the Tanzania, according to the survey, there are target communities and beneficiaries. The rapid more than 4 million children in child labour. assessment aims at providing a comprehensive About 29 per cent of children aged 5-17 years, situational analysis of child labour in the ARISE are engaged in child labour in various economic target districts in Tabora region; as well as to sectors, including agriculture, domestic work, map the capacity of partners and stakeholders; fishing, and mining industries. and to provide recommendations for appropriate strategies and roles for implementing agencies Since 2001, the Government of Tanzania has and key partners. been committed to eradicating child labour. Tanzania has ratified the Convention on the We hope that this report will help development Rights of the Child (CRC), ILO Convention practitioners and policy makers alike by No. 182 on the Elimination of the Worst Forms providing insights into the child labour situation of Child Labour and Convention No. 138 on the ground so that possible solutions can be on the Minimum Age for Employment. With tailored to the context. We also hope that this ILO’s support, the country has developed provides one more step towards the elimination and implemented child labour elimination of child labour and full school enrollment of programmes; updated and revised the existing children in Tanzania. legislative and policy framework; and developed a National Action Plan (NAP) for the elimination of child labour. Child labour has also been prioritized in Tanzania’s Decent Work Country Mary Kawar Programme (DWCP). Nevertheless, much more Director remains to be done to reduce the number of child labourers in Tanzania. The Achieving Reduction of Child Labour in ILO Country Office for the United Republic of Tanzania, support of Education Programme (ARISE), Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi iii Table of contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................ix Executive summary .....................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1 1.1 Background and scope of the study ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Research methods and tools ........................................................................................ 1 1.3 Sampling procedure .................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Profile of respondents ................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Limitations of the study ................................................................................................. 4 1.6 Profile of Tabora Region ................................................................................................ 4 1.7 Report structure ...........................................................................................................6 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND TO CHILD LABOUR .................................................................7 2.1 International legal and policy framework ........................................................................ 7 2.2 National legal and policy framework ............................................................................. 9 2.3 National Programmes on Child Labour ....................................................................... 12 CHAPTER THREE: NATURE AND EXTENT OF WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR IN TARGETED VILLAGES ...........................................................................................15 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Demographic variables of working children ................................................................ 15 3.3 Education status of working children ...........................................................................19 3.4 Socio-economic characteristics of parents or guardians of working children .................22 3.5 Nature of work and working conditions ........................................................................23 3.6 Causes and knowledge of, and attitudes to, child labour ..............................................32 v RAPID ASSESSMENT ON CHILD LABOUR IN TOBACCO GROWING COMMUNITIES IN TABORA REGION, TANZANIA CHAPTER FOUR: CAPACITY MAPPING ON PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS ........................37 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................37 4.2 Gaps and challenges on advocacy and awareness on child labour ...............................37 4.3 The Institutional capacity of cooperatives, business associations and micro-finance institutions ........................................................................................................................37 4.4 Ongoing and past Initiatives on child labour elimination and promotion of children’s education and development ..............................................................................................40