Bernard Faye · Mohammed Bengoumi Camel Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology Camel Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology Bernard Faye • Mohammed Bengoumi Camel Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology Bernard Faye Mohammed Bengoumi Centre de Coopération International en FAO Regional Office Recherche Agronomique pour le Tunis, Tunisia Développement Research Unit SELMET (Livestock system in IAV Hassan II Mediterranean and tropical milieu) Rabat, Morocco Montpellier, France ISBN 978-3-319-95560-5 ISBN 978-3-319-95562-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95562-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949032 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. 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They also thank all their colleagues sharing their passion for camels all along their respective careers. v Disclaimer The contents of this book are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of their originated institutions. vii Contents 1 Introduction .......................................... 1 1.1 Restraining and Samplings ............................ 2 1.1.1 Restraint Techniques . ....................... 2 1.1.2 Blood Sampling . 4 1.1.3 Urine Sampling . 6 1.1.4 Milk Sampling . ........................... 7 1.1.5 Fecal Sampling . 7 1.1.6 Liver Biopsy . 7 1.1.7 Hump Biopsy . ...................... 8 1.1.8 Other Biological Substrates ...................... 9 1.2 The Rules for Convenient Interpretation . 9 References . .......................................... 11 2 Hematology ........................................... 13 2.1 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) . ........................ 15 2.1.1 Properties of Red Blood Cells of the Dromedary . .... 15 2.1.2 Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) .................... 18 2.1.3 Hematocrit: Pack Cell Volume (PCV) . ........ 22 2.1.4 Hemoglobin ................................. 24 2.1.5 Erythrocyte Indices of Wintrobe .................. 25 2.2 White Blood Cells . 26 2.2.1 Numeration and Leukocyte Formula ............... 26 2.3 Other Hematological Parameters ........................ 32 2.3.1 Blood Mass and Volume . 32 2.3.2 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) ............. 32 2.3.3 Blood Density . 33 2.3.4 Platelets and Clotting Time . 33 2.3.5 Osmolality . ................................. 34 2.4 The Effect of Dehydration on Hematological Parameters . 35 2.4.1 Effect on RBC and Hemoglobin Rate . 36 2.4.2 Effect on Hematocrit .......................... 36 ix x Contents 2.4.3 Effect on Erythrocyte Index of Wintrobe ............ 38 2.4.4 Effect on the Leukocyte Count . ................. 38 2.5 Conclusion . ....................................... 39 References . .......................................... 39 3 Energetic Parameters ................................... 47 3.1 Regulation of the Energetic Metabolism . 48 3.2 Energetic Blood Parameters . 49 3.2.1 Glucose .................................... 49 3.2.2 Ketone Bodies ............................... 55 3.2.3 Plasma Lipids . ......................... 56 3.3 Conclusion . ....................................... 71 References . .......................................... 71 4 Nitrogen and Protein Parameters .......................... 81 4.1 Nonprotein Nitrogen . ............................. 81 4.1.1 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) . .................. 81 4.1.2 Uric Acid . 91 4.1.3 Creatinine . 92 4.1.4 Ammonia . .............................. 96 4.2 Proteins .......................................... 97 4.2.1 Serum Proteins .............................. 97 4.2.2 Protein Fractions ............................. 101 4.2.3 Bilirubin . 110 4.2.4 Haptoglobin (Hp), Fibrinogen, and Pepsinogen . ..... 112 4.3 Conclusion . ....................................... 113 References . .......................................... 113 5 Clinical Enzymology .................................... 123 5.1 General Principles of Clinical Enzymology . 124 5.1.1 Peculiarities of Blood Sampling for Enzyme Activity Determination ............................... 125 5.1.2 Interpretation of the Results of Enzyme Activity Measurement . 126 5.2 The Main Enzymes Used in Camel . ..................... 127 5.2.1 Aspartate Aminotransferase: ASAT (E.C. 2.6.1.1) ..... 127 5.2.2 Alanine Aminotransferase: ALAT (E.C. 2.6.1.2) . 134 5.2.3 Alkaline Phosphatases: ALP (E.C. 3.1.3.1) . 138 5.2.4 Lactate Dehydrogenase: LDH (E.C. 1.1.1.27) ......... 143 5.2.5 Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase: GGT or γ-GT (E.C. 2.3.2.2) .................................... 147 5.2.6 Creatine Kinase: CK (E.C. 2.7.3.2) . .......... 151 5.2.7 Glutamate Dehydrogenase: GLGH (EC 1.4.1.2) ....... 154 5.3 The Main Metalloenzymes ............................ 154 5.3.1 Ceruloplasmin or Cp (EC 1.16.3.1) . 155 5.3.2 Glutathione Peroxidase or GSH-Px (EC 1.11.1.9) ...... 156 Contents xi 5.3.3 Superoxide-Dismutase or SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) ......... 158 5.4 Other Enzymes . 159 5.4.1 Acid Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) or ACP . 159 5.4.2 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) or IDH . 159 5.4.3 Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.14) or SDH . 161 5.4.4 α-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) . ..................... 161 5.4.5 Lactoperoxidase or LPO (EC 1.11.1.7) . 162 5.4.6 Catalase or CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) . ................ 162 5.4.7 Xanthine Oxidase or XO (EC 1.17.3.2) . ............ 162 5.4.8 Lipase or LIP (EC 3.1.1.3) . 163 5.5 Conclusion . ....................................... 163 References . .......................................... 164 6 Macro-minerals and Electrolytes ........................... 173 6.1 Hydro-electrolytic Balance in Camel . 173 6.2 Biological Signification of Observed Values . 174 6.2.1 Sodium .................................... 174 6.2.2 Potassium . ................................. 180 6.2.3 Chloride ................................... 186 6.2.4 Bicarbonates ................................ 189 6.2.5 Calcium . 189 6.2.6 Phosphorus . ................. 198 6.2.7 Magnesium . 203 6.3 Conclusion . ....................................... 207 References . .......................................... 208 7 Trace Elements ........................................ 217 7.1 The Biological Role of Trace Elements . ................. 217 7.2 The Interest for Laboratory Diagnosis . 218 7.3 Sampling and Analytical Techniques . 219 7.4 Biological Signification of Observed Values . 220 7.4.1 Copper .................................... 220 7.4.2 Zinc . ..................................... 230 7.4.3 Iron ....................................... 239 7.4.4 Manganese . 245 7.4.5 Selenium . 247 7.4.6 Cobalt . 255 7.4.7 Iodine ..................................... 257 7.4.8 Fluorine . 258 7.4.9 Other Elements . 260 7.5 Conclusion . ....................................... 263 References . .......................................... 264 xii Contents 8 Vitamins ............................................. 275 8.1 Vitamin A (Retinol) . 275 8.1.1 Vitamin A in Plasma . ........................ 276 8.1.2 Vitamin A in Milk . ........................ 278 8.2 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) . ........................... 279 8.2.1 Vitamin B1 in Blood ......................... 279 8.2.2 Vitamin B1 in Milk . 281 8.3 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) ............................. 281 8.4 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) . 281 8.5 Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) . ....................... 282 8.6 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) . .......................... 282 8.7 Vitamin B7 (Biotin) . 283 8.8 Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) . ............................ 284 8.9 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) . 284 8.10 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) . 285 8.10.1 Vitamin C in Plasma . 285 8.10.2 Vitamin C in Milk ........................... 287 8.10.3 Vitamin C in Other Substrates . 287 8.11 Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) ........................... 288 8.11.1 Vitamin D in Plasma ......................... 288 8.11.2 Vitamin D in Milk ........................... 289 8.12 Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) . 289 8.12.1 Vitamin E in Plasma .......................... 290 8.12.2