Nettverksmakt Sosiale band og nettverk i dei norske innbyrdesstridane 1130-1208 Bente Opheim Brathetland Avhandling for graden philosophiae doctor (ph.d.) Universitetet i Bergen 2019 Nettverksmakt Sosiale band og nettverk i dei norske innbyrdesstridane 1130-1208 Bente Opheim Brathetland AvhandlingAvhandling for for graden graden philosophiae philosophiae doctor (ph.d.) (ph.d. ) ved Universitetet i Bergen Disputasdato:2017 15.11.2019 Dato for disputas: 1111 © Copyright Bente Opheim Brathetland Materialet i denne publikasjonen er omfattet av åndsverkslovens bestemmelser. År: 2019 Tittel: Nettverksmakt Navn: Bente Opheim Brathetland Trykk: Skipnes Kommunikasjon / Universitetet i Bergen INNHALD: FORORD .................................................................................................................. 6 FIGURLISTE ............................................................................................................. 7 1 INNLEIING ............................................................................................................ 9 Konfliktens kontekst .................................................................................................................................... 11 Innbyrdesstridane som historisk problem .................................................................................................... 13 Nye perspektiv på den politiske kulturen i mellomalderen .......................................................................... 16 Problemstilling og metode ........................................................................................................................... 17 2 SAGAFOLK - METODE, KJELDER OG DATAHANDSAMING ..................................... 21 Prosopografi ................................................................................................................................................ 21 Kjeldematerialet .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Elektronisk handsaming av kjeldematerialet............................................................................................... 42 3 NETTVERKSMAKT ............................................................................................... 63 Sosiale nettverk ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Det politiske feltet ....................................................................................................................................... 71 Eliten i den norrøne terminologien .............................................................................................................. 75 Venskap ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 Slektskap ...................................................................................................................................................... 92 Konflikthandsaming og vald ...................................................................................................................... 101 4 SAMKONGEDØMMET ........................................................................................107 Eliten under Magnussønene sitt styre ....................................................................................................... 110 Harald Gilles nettverk ................................................................................................................................ 118 Magnus Blindes nettverk ........................................................................................................................... 134 Nettverkas geografiske tyngdepunkt ........................................................................................................ 138 Ekteskaplege strategiar ............................................................................................................................. 141 Kyrkja si stilling .......................................................................................................................................... 148 Samanfatning ............................................................................................................................................ 150 5 LENDMANNSKONGEDØMMET ...........................................................................153 Lendmennene og enkedronning Ingerid .................................................................................................... 154 Øystein Haraldsson .................................................................................................................................... 160 Hopehavet mellom jarlane på Orknøyane og Haraldssønene ................................................................... 166 3 Lendmannsstyret vart oppløyst ................................................................................................................. 174 Sigurd Haraldsson Munn ........................................................................................................................... 176 Inge Haraldsson ......................................................................................................................................... 178 Opprørsflokkar – ei fastare partideling? ................................................................................................... 185 Øystein Erlendsson..................................................................................................................................... 189 Erling Skakkes kamp mot indre og ytre fiender ......................................................................................... 192 Kyrkjepolitikk ............................................................................................................................................. 197 Tilhøvet til Danmark .................................................................................................................................. 204 Samanfatning ............................................................................................................................................ 211 6 EINEKONGEDØMMET ........................................................................................215 Kong Magnus Erlingsson ........................................................................................................................... 219 Kong Sverre Sigurdsson ............................................................................................................................. 223 Eirik kongsson ............................................................................................................................................ 241 Kuvlungar og vårbelgar ............................................................................................................................. 243 Konge, biskop og jarl ................................................................................................................................. 249 Reaktivering av den orknøyske alliansen ................................................................................................... 255 Biskopar og baglarar ................................................................................................................................. 262 Samanfatning ............................................................................................................................................ 268 7 DET DELTE KONGEDØMMET ..............................................................................271 Birkebeinarane .......................................................................................................................................... 273 Baglarane .................................................................................................................................................. 283 Dei svenske innbyrdesstridane................................................................................................................... 286 Politisk balansekunst ................................................................................................................................. 290 Freden i Kvitsøy .......................................................................................................................................... 294 Samanfatning ............................................................................................................................................ 297 8 KONKLUSJON ....................................................................................................301 Innbyrdesstridane i eit nettverksperspektiv ............................................................................................... 301 Kyrkjas ideologiske og politiske rolle ......................................................................................................... 305 Kongsideologi i endring ............................................................................................................................. 310 Landskapsinteresser og motsetnader mellom regionar ............................................................................ 312 Sosiale og økonomiske interesser .............................................................................................................. 317 Ætte- og slektskapsinteresser