Strophic * “Turkish” Music: composed to depict a foreign land. Featuring Also called "verse-repeating" or chorus form. A lieder structure in the use of exotic instrument, scale, or rhythms. The depiction is which all verses or stanzas of a poem are set to the same melody. usually inaccurate but expresses the composer’s fantasy. * Through-composed : The opposite of a strophic form. A different * Conservatory: Started as orphanages that teach music, but later melody written for each stanza or verse. developed into special music institutions accepting paying pupils. * Modified strophic : Or “strophic variations,” follows the strophic * Motivic development: The use of a motif, a distinct musical form but with slight variations. feature that is subsequently altered, repeated, or sequenced, to construct melodies, themes, and then a complete piece. Opera-related Commonly seen in symphonies and keyboard sonatas. * Melodrama: A theatric act combing spoken dialogues and * Program music: a type of art music that attempts to musically background music. An example of melodrama is Weber’s Der render an extra-musical narrative. Often comes with a title. Freischütz . * Pastoral: music that depicts the rural lifestyle in an idealized * Double aria: The conventional structural design of an act in the manner, typically for urban audiences. opera, with four parts: scena drammatica/recitative, cantabile/ * Tone Poem: orchestral music that illustrates or evokes the cavatina, Tempo di mezzo, Cabaletta . content of an extra-musical source. Also called symphonic poem. * Versimo: The Italian word for “true”. It is an operatic parallel to Usually single-movement. This name was first used by Franz Liszt . realism in literature. * idée fixe: French term coined by Hector Berlioz meaning a fixed idea or an obsession. Used throughout the piece to represent a Robert Schumann person, thing, or idea, transforming it to suit the mood/situation. * ASCH: a musical cipher used by Robert Schumann, i.e. the notes * Dies Irae: The “Day of Wrath”, a Latin hymn. A-Es-C-B or As-C-B, referring to the city Asch, where his then- * Bel Canto: an Italian term that literally means "beautiful singing". fiancée was born. Usually used to describe the beauty of an opera singer’s voice. Also * Davidsbündler: Literally “League of David” in English. A music refers to the prevalent singing style around 1830. society created by Robert Schumann in his writings to defend the * Song Cycle: a group of songs sung in succession to tell or suggest cause of contemporary music against its detractors. The two a story. The lyrics usually consist of poems by the same author. fictitious members represent the extraverted and the introspective * Character Piece : A short, descriptive music written usually for sides of Schumann respectively. piano to depict or suggest a mood, personality, or scene, usually * Neue Zeitschrift für Musik: Literally the “New Journal of Music” indicated in the title. in English. A music magazine co-founded by Schumann * Fragment: a segment of a musical idea (motive, theme, gesture) * Ballade: a piece of instrumental music inspired by narrative Richard Wagner poetry. * Leitmotif: a musical idea associated with a person, thing, mood, * Furiant: a rapid and fiery Bohemian dance in 2/4 and 3/4 time, etc., which returns intact or altered throughout a piece of work. with frequently shifting accents. * Gesamtkunstwerk: Literally “a total work of art” in English. A * Beethoven’s 10 th : Brahms’ first. The theme and the structure are work of art that involves multiple art forms. The word has become both reminiscent of the finale of Beethoven’s 9 th symphony. particularly associated with Wagner's aesthetic ideals. * Volksgeist: German word referring to a unique "spirit" possessed * Tristan chord: Originated from Wagner’s opera Tristan und Isolde . collectively by each people or nation. The chord consists of F, B, D#, G#. (Augmented 4th, 6th, 9th above * Risorgimento: The unification of Italy. the base note.) * Moguchaya Kuchka: The Mighty Handful or The Russian Five. * Bayreuth: where Wagner produced the Ring Cycle. Known for its César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov… annual Bayreuth Festival celebrating Wagner’s operas. * V.E.R.D.I.: An Italian acronym short for Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy. Cerebrating Verdi’s patriotism and his interests in politics. .