PRESSURES AND PROTECTION OF THE UNDERGORUND KARST – CASES FROM SLOVENIA AND CROATIA PRITISKI IN VAROVANJE PODZEMNEGA KRASA – PRIMERI IZ SLOVENIJE IN HRVAŠKE PRITISCI I ZAŠTITA PODZEMNOG KRŠA – PRIMJERI IZ SLOVENIJE I HRVATSKE Editors / Urednika: Mitja Prelovšek, Nadja Zupan Hajna Language review / Jezikovni pregled: Hugh Brown (Amidas d.o.o.), Wayne Tuttle and David C. Culver Pressures and Protection of Graphic design and page layout / Ob- likovanje in postavitev strani: Mitja Prelovšek the Underground Karst ̶ Published by / Izdal in založil: Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, Postojna / Cases from Slovenia and Croatia Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Postojna Represented by / Zanj: Tadej Slabe Printed by / Tisk: Collegium Graphicum d.o.o., Ljubljana Printrun / Naklada: 300 copies / izvodov Postojna, junij 2011 Pritiski in varovanje The publication was published within the Karst Underground Pro- podzemnega krasa ̶ tection project which is financially supported by the Slovenia-Croa- tia Operational Programme 2007-2013. Primeri iz Slovenije in Hrvaške Knjiga je bila izdana v okviru projekta Karst Undergorund Protection financiranega iz Operativnega programa IPA Slovenija-Hrvaška 2007- 2013. Pritisci i zaštita CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana podzemnog krša ̶ 551.44(082) Primjeri iz Slovenije i Hrvatske 551.44(497.4/.5)(082) PRESSURES and protection of the underground karst : cases from Slovenia and Croatia = Pritiski in varovanje podzemnega krasa : primeri iz Slovenije in Hrvaške = Pritisci i zaštita podzemnog krša : primjeri iz Slovenije i Hrvatske / [editors, urednika Mitja Prelovšek, Nadja Zupan Hajna]. - Postojna : Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU = Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, 2011 ISBN 978-961-254-285-6 Postojna, junij 2011 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Prelovšek, Mitja, 1980- 256340480 Contents PROTECTION OF THE UNDERGROUND KARST FROM THE VIEWPOINT 10 OF SPELEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND BIOSPELEOLOGY Vulnerability, pressures and protection of karst caves 11 (Mitja Prelovšek) The importance and protection of karst waters 18 (Metka Petrič) Subterranean habitats and fauna, their threats and conservation 23 (Slavko Polak & Tanja Pipan) STUDY CASES FROM SLOVENIA AND CROATIA 33 Postojnska jama – use and protection of the cave 34 (Andrej Mihevc) Two centuries of exploration, tourist use, management and 43 protection of Škocjanske jame (Rosana Cerkvenik) Križna jama – a good example of the sustainable management of a 54 show cave (Mitja Prelovšek) Lampenflora in show caves in Slovenia 64 (Janez Mulec) Expert control and recommendations for management of Postojnska 74 jama, climatic and biological monitoring (Stanka Šebela) Cave preservation during motorway construction in Slovenia 83 (Martin Knez & Tadej Slabe) Human intervention in the karst underground through quaries; 93 examples from Slovenia (Nadja Zupan Hajna) Pollution and cleanup of karst caves in Slovenia 101 (Mitja Prelovšek) 4 5 Landfills on karst and their impact on karst waters 112 Foreword (Janja Kogovšek & Metka Petrič) In this publication we have attempted to collect together part of the work carried out over the The impact of traffic on karst waters 119 last few decades by Slovene and Croatian researchers in the field of karst underground protection. (Janja Kogovšek) The range of topics is by no means all-encompassing, but it does represent a varied selection of subjects from the field of karst underground protection in Slovenia and Croatia. Our aim has been Pazinska jama and its impact on the quality of springs in the valley 128 to bring together a representative selection of existing knowledge, to evaluate it and compare it of the river Raša with the findings of other research, and to present the contents in an accessible manner to the (Mladen Kuhta) broad circle of people who are indirectly involved in karst underground protection. By combing findings from the fields of speleology, hydrology and biospeleology in a single publication, we have Assessment of the possible impact of the construction of the 138 endeavoured to go beyond the increasingly rigid division into individual fields of expertise and Divača-Koper rail-way line on the quality of karst waters present the different aspects using a common denominator – that of karst underground protection. (Metka Petrič & Janja Kogovšek) The karst underground is both the habitat of animals that live underground and an important source Legal protection of karst water sources 147 of drinking water. Caves contain important information on the palaeogeographic development of (Nataša Ravbar) the underground and the surface, and also on climate change, and are an important economic category in the sense that some are used as show caves. At the same time they are usually extremely Groundwater vulnerability assessment: the example from Slovenia 154 vulnerable, which greatly increases the need for strict protection, something that is frequently a (Nataša Ravbar) secondary or even principal objective of the researchers who are directly involved with caves. Importance of biospeleological research for protection of cave 160 This publication is also the result of work on a cross-border project involving Slovenia and Croatia fauna and their habitat – example based on the project Karst un- entitled Karst Underground Protection. Within the scope of this project, researchers from the Karst derground protection on the Istrian peninsula Research Institute at the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, (Roman Ozimec, Slavko Polak, Jana Bedek, Valerija Zakšek) in conjunction with our Croatian partners (the Istrian Region and Natura Histrica), have combined educational activity (the “Classical Karst” International Karstological School in 2010 and 2011) and Are we guaranteeing the favourable status of the Proteus anguinus 169 research (cross-border speleobiological research in Istria), upgraded and computerised the register in the Natura 2000 network in Slovenia? of caves in the Istrian Region of Croatia, published our findings in local media and specialist circles, (Andrej Hudoklin) and planned the establishment of a network of institutions involved in karst protection in the project area. One direct result of the project in the karst underground has been the cleanup of 12 caves in Red book of Dinaric cave fauna – an example from Croatia 182 Croatia and Slovenia by Slovene and Croatian cavers and refurbishment of once elementary school (Roman Ozimec) Lanišće (Municipality of Lanišće, Croatia) into “Speleo center”. A significant part of the funding has Povzetek 191 been provided by the IPA Operational Programme Slovenia-Croatia 2007–2013 and a contribution has also been made by the Republic of Slovenia and the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Sažetak 193 We hope that the more general, introductory chapters in the first part of the publication will encourage you to go on to read the individual, in-depth case studies in the second part. KUP project collaborators from the Istrian Region, the Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU and Natura Histrica 6 7 Predgovor Predgovor V pričujoči publikaciji smo poskušali v grobem zbrati del več desetletnega dela slovenskih in hrvaških U ovoj smo publikaciji, pokušali u grubo sabrati rezultate desetgodišnjeg rada slovenskih i raziskovalcev na področju varovanja podzemnega krasa. Nabor tematik nikakor ni vseobsegajoč, hrvatskih znanstvenika na području podzemnog krša. Raspon tema nipošto nije sveobuhvatan, ali vsekakor pa predstavlja pester nabor tematik s področja varovanja podzemnega krasa v Sloveniji predstavlja širok spektar tema iz područja zaštite podzemnog krša Slovenije i Hrvatske. Izdavanjem in na Hrvaškem. Z izdajo smo želeli zbrati dosedanje znanje, ga ovrednotiti, primerjati z izsledki publikacije željeli smo prikupiti dosadašnja saznanja, vrednovati ih, usporediti s rezultatima drugih drugih raziskav ter vsebino na poljudno-znanstven način ponuditi v branje širšemu krogu ljudi, ki se istraživanja, te sadržaj na popularno-znanstveni način ponuditi širem krugu ljudi, koji se neizravno z varovanjem podzemnega krasa ukvarjajo posredno. Z mešano izdajo speleoloških, hidroloških in bave zaštitom podzemnog krša. S izdavanjem speleoloških, hidroloških i biospeleoloških spoznaja biospeleoloških spoznanj smo hoteli presekati vse bolj uveljavljeno delitev na posamezna strokovna o kršu smo željeli prekinuti sve više izraženo dijeljenje na pojedinačna stručna područja te različita področja ter različne vidike postaviti na skupen imenovalec – varovanje podzemnega krasa. Le-ta je viđenja svesti na zajednički nazivnik - zaštita podzemnog krša. Ovo potonje je naime životni prostor namreč tako življenjski prostor podzemnemu živalstvu, kakor tudi pomemben vir pitne vode. Jame podzemnih životinja, kao i važan izvor pitke vode. Špilje nose važne informacije o paleogeografskom nosijo pomembne informacije o paleogeografskem razvoju podzemlja in površja, spremembah razvoju podzemnih, površinskih i klimatskih promjena te su značajna ekonomska kategorija u podnebja ter so pomembna ekonomska kategorija v smislu turistične izrabe jam. Hkrati so smislu turističkog iskorištavanja. Istodobno, špilje su vrlo ranjive, čime se uvelike povećava potreba praviloma izjemno ranljive, s čemer se močno poveča potreba po njihovem strogem varovanju, le- za njihovom strogom zaštitom, što je često sporedni ili primarni cilj istraživača koji se njima izravno to pa je pogosto stranski ali pa poglavitni