
Technical studies on toolbox components This publication has been produced with the �inancial assistance of the European Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme Disclaimer This document has been produced with the �inancial assistance of the European Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme. The contents of this document are under the sole responsibility of STS-Med Consortium and can under no circumstances be regarded as re�lecting the position of the European Union or of the Programme’s management structures. The total budget of STS-Med project is 4.953.513 Euro and it is �inanced for an amount of 4.458.162 Euro by the European Union through the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin TheProgramme Programme (www.enpicbcmed.eu). The 2007-2013 ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme is a multilateral Cross-Border Cooperation initiative funded by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The Programme objective is to promote the sustainable and harmonious cooperation process at the Mediterranean Basin level by dealing with the common challenges and enhancing its endogenous potential. It �inances cooperation projects as a contribution to the economic, social, environmental and cultural development of the Mediterranean region. The following 14 countries participate in the Programme: Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Palestinian Authority, Portugal, Spain, Syria, Tunisia. The Joint Managing Authority (JMA) is the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy). Of�icial Programme languages are Arabic, English, French and Greek. Launched in May 2011, the strategic call focused six topics chosen by the Joint Monitoring Committee based on their potential for the development of cooperation in the Mediterranean area. These are: agro-food industry, sustainable tourism, integrated coastal zone management, water management, waste treatment and recycling, solar energy. Out of 300 proposals presented, 19 projects were approved for funding. Total value of these operations is € 82.5 Themillion European (€ 74.1 millionUnion ENPI contribution). The European Union is made up of 28 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how, resources and destinies. Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its borders. STS-Med Small scale thermal solar district units for Mediterranean communities Ref. I-A/2.3/174 Technical studies on toolbox components issued by ENEA December 5, 2015 1 Table of contents List of Figures and tables .................................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 TOOLBOX COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 SOLAR CONCENTRATING TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1.1 Solar Steam Generation ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Concentrating Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Tracking CS ................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.4 Non-tracking CS .......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.5 Small scale CS System & Applications ........................................................................................................ 15 1.2 SOLAR THERMAL STORAGE ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1 TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (TES) AT LOW-MEDIUM TEMPERATURE 18 1.3 POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1 MINI AND MICRO CSP IN CONJUNCTION WITH ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC) ..................................... 22 1.3.2 Description of technology .......................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.3 Applications to solar energy ....................................................................................................................... 29 1.4 SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING ...................................................................................................................... 40 1.4.1 Absorption chillers ..................................................................................................................................... 40 1.4.2 Adsorption chillers ..................................................................................................................................... 50 1.4.3 Thermo chemical accumulator (TCA) ......................................................................................................... 54 1.4.4 Desiccant cooling for air-conditioning ........................................................................................................ 58 1.4.5 DEC-system with liquid sorbent materials ................................................................................................. 69 1.5 DESALINATION SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................ 71 1.5.1 Water requirements ................................................................................................................................... 72 1.5.2 Desalination technologies: a review ........................................................................................................... 73 1.5.3 Energy requirements: possible options ...................................................................................................... 79 1.5.4 Solar powered water desalination systems ................................................................................................ 82 1.5.5 Expected developments ............................................................................................................................. 87 2. SOME APPLICATION CASES ...................................................................................................................................... 88 3. SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 98 4. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................ 99 2 List of Figures and tables Figure 1. Existing concentrating solar technologies as a function of operational working temperature (Source: Turboden) ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 2. Comparison between organic liquids and water on Ts diagram ................................................................. 23 Figure 3. General diagram and relative thermodynamic of an operational ORC cycle ............................................. 24 Figure 4. T -s diagram of a dry fluid ................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 5. Plant Technologies for the systems applicable as a function of both the temperature available and production of electrical energy ....................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 6. Diagram of a Micro ORC system with Scroll type displacement rotary expander ....................................... 28 Figure 7. Layout of the solar thermodynamic plant with ORC Turboden .................................................................. 30 Figure 8.High efficiency non-co generative Turboden solutions ............................................................................... 31 Figure 9. Turboden Solutions in cogeneration .......................................................................................................... 31 Figure 10. Schematic of the prototype plant of Helianthus Ltd. ................................................................................ 32 Figure 11. Diagram of the ORC SIP SOLAR SYSTEM FROM GROUP FLENCO .............................................................. 33 Figure 12. Scheme and plant pictures of INGECO ..................................................................................................... 34 Figure 13. (a) Absorber Heat Exchange (AHE) (b) Generator-Absorber heat eXchange (GAX). ............................... 42 Figure 14. Schematic of a single unit thermo-chemical accumulator.
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