Volume 26 | Issue 2 Article 9 1963 The yL mph Nodes and the Lymph Vessels of the Abdominal Wall, Pelvic Wall and the Pelvic Limb of Swine L. I. Saar Iowa State University R. Getty Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian Part of the Veterinary Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Saar, L. I. and Getty, R. (1963) "The yL mph Nodes and the Lymph Vessels of the Abdominal Wall, Pelvic Wall and the Pelvic Limb of Swine," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 26 : Iss. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol26/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Lymph Nodes and the Lymph Vessels of the Abdominal Wall, Pelvic Wall and the Pelvic Limb of Swine L. I. Saar, Dr. med. vet., and R. Getty, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.* I. INTRODUCTION Grau (2,4,5,6,8) discussed and modi­ This article is the continuation of pre­ fied Baum's terminology and grouped the viously published papers (11, 12, 13, lymph nodes into lymphocenters (6). 14) regarding the lymph nodes of swine Further re-examination and improve­ and their drainage areas. The details of ments on the nomenclature were made the "material and methods" have been by Grau and Boessneck (7) and Spira described and discussed previously (13, (16) by extending the terms used for the 14). domestic animals as well as to the pri­ mates (incl. man), the insectivora, the II. THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE chiroptera, the lagomorpha, and also to LYMPH NODES the rodentia. The term lymphocenter (lympho­ A review of the anatomy and the meat­ centrum), which has been discussed pre­ inspection textbooks and other publi­ viously by Saar-Getty (12), seems to be cations showed that in the past a variety the "key" to solve the difficult problems of terms were used to group the lymph involved in the nomenclature of nodes of the abdominal and the pelvic compara~ tive anatomy. wall and the pelvic limb regions. Due to changes made in terminology, In reference to the correspondence and by reorganizing the lymph node groups personal communications with Prof. Dr. into lymphocenters, the authors prefer H. Grau (1962-63), chairman of the re­ for the sake of brevity to discuss only the visory committee of the proposed new in­ terms used at present in Sisson-Grossman ternational anatomical nomenclature of (1953, 4th edition) and compare them the lymph apparatus, the general guide­ with the new nomenclature to be used. lines for the future terminology are In agreement with Grau and Boessneck basically those which were introduced by (7) and Spira (16), the lymph nodes of B!lum (1912 thm 1932), for the domes­ tic animals. the abdominal wall are grouped into four lymphocenters (Lcc), of which two of the lymphocenters, the lumbar and the iliac • From Iowa State University. Ames Iowa where Dr. Saar 1. Research Associate and Dr: Getty' is Pro· lymphocenter are found in association fessor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy. College of Veterinary Medicine. with the trunks and the main branches S~pported In part by Project No. 62. Veterinary of the abdominal aorta and the posterior Medical ~esearc.h Institute, Iowa State University. Apprec!ation IS extended to Miss Judith Mathew· vena cava. These lymphocenters are situ­ son, Medical Illustrator and Mr. Daniel J. Hillmann for artwork and photography. ated subperitoneal on the dorso-medial Issue, No.2, 1963-64 97 side of the abdominal wall, being located inguinal lymph nodes situated along the ventral to the lumbar vertebrae. The other course of the external iliac vessels. The two lymphocenters, the subiliac and the posterior portion of the internal iliacs (Sis­ superficial inguinal lymphocenter are situ­ son-Grossman), located in the angle of ated subcutaneously (embedded in fat) divergence of the internal iliac arteries, on the lateral and on the ventral side of are called according to the new termi­ the abdominal wall. nology-the anterior sacral Inn. (Lnn. In swine the lumbar lymphocenter (Lc. sacrales (hypogastrici) ). lumbale) includes the lumbar aortic, the According to the new terminology the renal, the phrenico-abdominal, the uterine deep inguinal lymph nodes, which form and the testis lymph nodes, which in Sis­ the deep inguinal lymphocenter of the son-Grossman (15) are designated as the pelvic limb, are in . swine found to be lumbar nodes. absent. In man, the latter lymphocenter is The iliac lymphocenter(Lc. ilium located in the fossa iliopectinea, and in (commune» comprises the lateral and the horse, the cow, the dog, the cat, and the medial iliac lymph nodes of which the the guineapig, it is associated in close lateral iliacs are synonymous with the ex­ proximity to the femoral vessels, distal to ternal iliacs (Sisson-Grossman), while the the origin of the deep femoral artery. medial iliacs include according to Sisson­ The subiliac lymphocenter includes in, Grossman's terminology the anterior por­ swine, the subiliac lymph nodes only. In' tion of the internal iliacs and the deep Sisson-Grossman (15) they are called the: LYMPH VESSELS: • Injeclion Silt -lJr!oralSub__ -CullneolRiloc:a,. ..,"'''' Nod,,: -Ned'" s...cutanl_ C Lftrol &optofieiol a Medii. Supll'fic:illl Dr InIwrmuKular Figure I-Subcutaneous lymph vessels. The arrows indicate the direction of the lymph flow. Tramverse planes are drawn through the middle of the 11th and the 14th spine of the thoracic vertebrae. Muscles: A·masseter; B.brachiocephalicus; C·trapezius; D·omotransversarius; E.deep pectoral (prescapu· lar portion); H·sternohyoideus. Veins: a·external maxillary; b·internal maxillary; c·external jugular; d·internal jugular; e-cephalic· humeral; f·axillary; g·ascending cervical. Lymph Nodes: I-mandibular; 2·parotid; 3·accessory mandibular; 4·lateral retrophryngical; 5,5'·ventral superficial cervical; 7-dorsal superficial cervical; 8.8-medial superficial cervical; lo-axillares primae costae (costoaxillary); 12-subiliac ("prefemoral"); 13,superficial inguinal; 14-superficial popliteal; 14'-deep pop­ liteal. Other Stmctures: G·mandibular gland; the numbers from 5r through lfir refer to the position of the ribs. 98 Iowa State University Veterinarian LATERAL VI EW Subart<J:leOUS Lymph Vessels' -Laferal --Medial • Injection Site Figure 2: Subcutaneous lymph vessels on the medial and lateral side of the pelvic limb. The arrows indi­ cate the direction of the lymph flow_ Lymph Nodes-12-subiliac; 13-superficial inguinal; 14-superficial popliteal; 14'-deep popliteal. Issue, No. 2, 1963~4 99 prefemoral lymph nodes. The term "pre­ nodes, however, are not described by the femoral" is considered by the authors as latter author (15). somewhat unfortunate since the lymph nodes drain largely the subcutaneous III. THE LOCATION OF THE LYMPH dorso-lateral lumbar area of the trunk. In NODES fact, the subiliac lymph nodes appear to A. The Lymphoeenters of the Abdomi­ be rather closely associated with the com­ nal Wall mon iliac lymphocenter. The medial iliac 1. The lumbar lymphoeenter (Le. lymph nodes are found near the origin of lumbale) the deep circumflex iliac vessels. The a. The lumbar aortic Inn. (Lnn. lateral iliacs are situated on the anterior lumbales aortici) (Fig. 7 and 9) comprise branches of the deep circumflex iliac ves­ a dozen or more small lymph nodes scat­ sels and the subiliac lymph nodes are tered along the ventral and lateral (often located on the ventral branches. dorsal) side of the abdominal aorta and The superficial inguinal and the acces­ the posterior vena cava. They extend pos­ sory superficial inguinal lymph nodes of teriorly from near the renal vessels to the the male are preferably called in the caudal mesenteric artery. Anteriorly, female, the supramammary lymph nodes. these lymph nodes are often not clearly They represent the superficial inguinal distingUished from the renal lymph nodes lymphocenter (Lc. inguinale superficiale) and posteriorly it may be difficult to dif­ situated on the ventral part of the ab­ ferentiate them from the medial iliac dominal wall. lymph nodes. The size of the lymph nodes The lymphocenters of the pelvic wall varied from a few millimeters up to 2.0 (Lc. sacrale) are associated in general cm. in length. with the internal iliac vessels and their b. The renal Inn. (Lnn. renales) branches. They will be. described as the (Fig. 7) are found in association with the anterior, the internal and the external renal vessels. Usually there are 1-4 lymph sacral lymph nodes. nodes of approximately 0.25-1.5 em. in The anterior sacral lymph nodes (Lnn. size. sacrales (hypogastrici)) correspond in c. The phrenico-abdominal In. part with Sisson-Grossman's internal iliac (Ln. phrenico-abdominalis) (Fig. 7) is lymph nodes. namely with those lymph located posterior to the caudal branch of nodes which are situated in the angle of the phrenico-abdominal vessels on the divergence of the internal iliac arteries. lateral side of the iliopsoas muscle embed­ The internal sacral lymph nodes (Lnn. ded in fat. OccaSionally, in three out of sacrales interni) are not present in swine, 16 cases, this lymph node was present on although in the cow, the sheep and the the right side only and in one female it dog they may be found on the medial side was considered to be absent. The size of of the sacro-sciatic ligament. the lymph node varied from a few milli­ The external sacral lymph nodes (Lnn. meters up to approximately 1.0 cm. in sacrales externi) are situated lateral to length.