Final Report March 19, 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized Pakistan Highway Rehabilitation Project Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects, Phase I Environmental E752 Impact ~~~~E752 Impact Assessment Volume 3 Public Disclosure Authorized Afghanistan Pakistan Public Disclosure Authorized Iran LBalochistanECP or 7 M8/ M7 f India f} ~~~~~~~~~~~Slndh n Public Disclosure Authorized National Highway Authority, Pakistan EU of PHRPRehahilitation and MaintenanceProjecLt Contents 1. Introduction .. .................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ............................................ 1-1 1.2 Project Design and Implementation ............................................ 1-9 1.3 Basic Features of Proposed Improvement ........................................... 1-10 1.4 Field Surveys and Public Consultation ............................................. ,.1-10 1.5 Environmental and Resettlement Issues ............................................ 1-11 1.6 Regulatory Requirements ............................................ 1-11 1.7 Report Structure ............................................ 1-12 2. Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework .............................. 2-1 2.1 National Policy and Administrative Framework . ........................2-1 2.1.1 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ............................ 2-1 2.1.2 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), 2000. 2-4 2.1.3 National Resettlement Policy and Ordinance. 2-4 2.2 Interaction With Other Agencies .. 2-5 2.2.1 Federal and Provincial EPAs .2-5 2.2.2 Provincial Departments of Forests and Wildlife .2-5 2.2.3 Provincial Revenue Departments .2-6 2.2.4 Provincial Goverments .2-6 2.2.5 Local Govemment and Municipalities .2-6 2.3 Other Environment-Related Statutes ............................... 2-6 3. Project Description . .......................... 3-1 3.1 Current State of RMP Sections and Approach to Upgrading ................ 3-1 3.1.1 Delineation of Right of Way .3-1 3.1.2 Present State of Phase I RMP Sections .3-1 3.2 Scope of Improvement Works . .3-5 3.2.1 Proposed Improvements .3-5 3.2.2 Design Citeria .3-7 3.3 Highway Design .. 3-13 3.4 Construction Schedule .. 3-13 3.5 Construction Camps .. 3-13 3.6 Construction Material .. 3-15 03/19/03 Contents EIA ofPHRP Rehabiltiation andMaintenance ProjecLv 4. Analysis of Alternatives ...................................... 4-1 4.1 No-Project Option ............................................. 4-1 4.2 Alternative Transport Options ....................................... 4-2 4.2.1 Railway ............................................. 4-2 4.2.2 Air 4-3 4.2.3 Inland Navigation ............................................. 4-3 4.3 Alternative Highway Options............................................ 4-3 4.3.1 N55 Option ............................................ 4-3 4.3.2 Pakistan Motorway Option ............... ............................. 4-3 4.4 Project Corridor Design Alternatives ............................................ 4-4 4.4.1 Route Altematives ............................................ 4-4 4.4.2 Alignment Alternatives ............................................ 4-4 4.4.3 Cross-Section Alternatives ............................................ 4-5 4.4.4 Alternatives for Public Amenities . ............................................. 4-5 5. Environmental and Social Baseline . ..................................... 5-1 5.1 Corridor of Impact ............................................. 5-1 5.1.1 Delineating the Col ............................................ 5-1 5.2 Physical Environment ............................................ 5-12 5.2.1 Geology ............................................. 5-12 5.2.2 Physiography ............................................. 5-12 5.2.3 Climate ............................................ 5-13 5.2.4 Water Resources ............................................ 5-15 5.2.5 Soils ............................................ 5-15 5.3 Ambient Quality of Environment .................................... 5-17 5.3.1 Ambient Air Quality ............................................ 5-17 5.3.2 Noise Levels ............................................ 522 5.3.3 Water Quality ............................................ 5-24 5.4 Biological Environment .................... ........................ 5-24 5.4.1 Vegetation ............................................ 5-24 5.4.2 Protected Areas and Wildlife ............................................ 5-25 5.5 Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment . ...........................5-26 5.5.1 Demography and Settlements ............................................ 5-26 5.5.2 Encroachments and Structures within the RoW ................ ............. 5-27 5.5.3 Cultural and Historical Heritage ............................................ 5-30 5.5.4 Occupational Pattern ............................................ 5-30 6. Public Consultation . .............................6-1 6.1 General Stakeholder Workshops ................... ......................... 6-1 6.1.1 Workshops Organized by EIA Consultants ...................................... 6-1 03/19103 Contents ii ES ofPHRPRehabd)itationand Maintenance Projects 6.1.2 Workshops Organized by ARUP ................................................. 6-3 6.2 Scoping Sessions ................................................. 6-4 6.3 Roadside Consultations ........................................... 6-6 6.4 Resettlement Issues .................................................. 6-7 6.5 Address of Stakeholder Concerns ................................................. 6-8 7. Environmental Impact Assessment and Militigation Mleasures ... 7-1 7.1 Project Impact Matrix ................................................. 7-1 7.2 Land Resources .................................................. 7-6 7.2.1 Impact on Land Use and Resources ................................................ 7-6 7.2.2 Mitigation Measures ................................................. 7-7 7.3 Water Resources .................................................. 7-9 7.3.1 Impact on Water Resources ................................................. 7-9 7.3.2 Mitigation Measures ............. .................................... 7-9 7.4 Ambient Air Quality .................................................. 7-11 7.4.1 Impact on Air Quality During Construction ...................................... 7-11 7.4.2 Mitigation Measures for Construction Phase .................................. 7-12 7.4.3 Impact on Air Quality During Operation .......................................... 7-12 7.4.4 Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase ...................................... 7-19 7.5 Noise Levels ................................................. 7-20 7.5.1 Impact on Noise Levels ................................................. 7-20 7.5.2 Mitigation Measures ................................................. 7-20 7.6 Biological Environment .. 7-21 7.6.1 Flora .7-21 7.6.2 Fauna .7-22 7.7 Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment . ...........................7-22 7.7.1 Highway Access and Safety ................................................. 7-22 7.7.2 Interaction with Local Communities ................................................ 7-24 7.7.3 Structures of Cultural or Religious Value .................................. 7-25 8. Land Acquisition, Resettlement, and Compensation ... 8-1 8.1 Land Requirements and Occupation .8-1 8.2 Process of Land Acquisition . .8- 8.3 Impact on Squatters' Settlements . 8-2 8.3.1 Demarcation of Area of Impact .8-2 8.3.2 Displacement of Squatters Under Phase I.8-3 8.4 Entitlement Policy Framework Under Resettlemnent Plan . 8-8 8.4.1 Extent of Resettlement Under Phase I .8-10 8.5 Resettlement Monitoring Plan . .8-16 03/19/03 Contents iii EIA of PIIRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects 8.6 Institutional Arrangements .................................................. 8-16 8.7 Proposed Resettlement Budget .................................................. 8-17 9. Selected References .............. .................................... 9-1 Appendices Appendix A: Project Description Data .............................................. A-1 Appendix B: Environmental and Social Baseline Data ........ ..... B-1 Appendix C: Record of Public Consultations .................................. C-1 Appendix D: Amendments to Project Design and Tender/Contract Documents ....................................... D-1 Appendix E: Noise Level Monitoring Data and Future Projections ............................................... E-1,. 03/19103 Contents iv EIA of PHRP Rehabilitationand MaintenanceProjects Exhibits Exhibit 1.1: Project Corridor: Sections Proposed for Rehabilitation Under Phase L.. 1-2 Exhibit 1.2: Traffic Forecasts and Rates of Increase for Selected Sections of the Project Corridor ..................................................... 1-4 Exhibit 1.3: Traffic Projections for Selected Sections of the Project Corridor ........... 1-5 Exhibit 1.4: Existing Highway Network in Pakistan .................................................. 1-6 Exhibit 1.5: Sections Proposed for Improvement Under the National Highway Improvement Program .................................................... 1-8 Exhibit 1.6: Sections Proposed for Improvement Under the Pakistan Highway Rehabilitation Project, Phase I..................................................... 1-10 Exhibit 3.1: Unequal Elevation of ACW and ECW Embankments ............................ 3-2 Exhibit 3.2: Worn-Out Road Pavement and Shoulder ............................................