TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ISLAM ON THE CULTURAL PRACTICES OF NUPE PEOPLE BY MUHAMMAD BUKHARI M.A Ara/Isl. Studies (UI) B.A. ED Arabic (UDUS) & TGII Cert (CAIS Minna) Ph.D/EDUC/4624/2009/2010 DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTORATE DEGREE IN ISLAMIC STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-NIGERIA JUNE, 2016 i ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ISLAM ON THE CULTURAL PRACTICES OF NUPE PEOPLE BY MUHAMMAD BUKHARI Ph.D/EDUC/4624/2009/2010 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA JUNE, 2016 ii DECLARATION PAGE I declare that this Dissertation titled “Assessment of the Impact of Islam on the Cultural Practices of Nupe people” has been carried out by me in the Department of Arts and Social Science Education, Islamic Studies Section, ABU Zaria. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other institution. ______________________ _____________ Muhammad Bukhari Date iii CERTIFICATION PAGE This Dissertation entitled “Assessment of the Impact of Islam on the Cultural Practices of Nupe people” by Bukhari Muhammad meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Ph.D in Islamic Studies of Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for the contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. _______________________ _____________ Prof. A.A. Ladan Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee _______________________ _____________ Dr. AbdullahiDalhatu Date Member, Supervisory Committee _______________________ _____________ Dr. Mustapha Isa Qasim Date Member, Supervisory Committee _______________________ _____________ Dr. Abdullahi Dalhatu Date Head of Department _______________________ _____________ Prof. Kabiru Bala Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies Date iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to those Muslim Merchants and scholars through whom Islam was introduced to Nupe people, indigenous scholars who strived for the development and expansion of Islam in Nupe-Land and to my guardian father and Teacher Sheikh AhmaduMa‟aji, and his elder brother Mal. Yusuf (Baba Ilori) all sons of Sheikh MuhammaduBukhari. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise is due to Allah, the Most Merciful, and the Most Gracious. My unreserved gratitude is to Allah (S.W.T) for guiding me aright and making my endeavours a success. May the peace, benediction and blessings of Allah be upon Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), his house hold, companions and those who believed in him and follow his footsteps up to the Day of Judgment. I wish to express my special appreciation to my major supervisor Prof. Abdul- KadirAliyuLadan for ensuring that this study was done thoroughly. He gave me all the necessary encouragement and support needed during this work. Special appreciation goes to other members of supervisory committee; Dr. AbdullahiDalhatu whose special interest in my success is immenseand Dr. Mustapha Isa Qasim. Their contributions to the success of this dissertation are of great significance. I also wish to register my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all members of staff in the Islamic Studies Section, Department of Social Science Education of the Faculty of Education who despite their engagements in other activities, provided me with useful guidance and at the same time corrected my mistakes and errors. I will not forget mentioning Prof. F.S.M Koya, Dr.Abubakar SaniBrinin Kudu, Dr. Muhammad Yahaya (Mujahid) and Dr. Ya‟qub A. A. Wakil. Others are Dr. Abdul-Qadir Ibrahim Lamido, Dr.Adamu Aliyu,Dr. Abubakar I. Shika, Mal.Abdullahi Danyero Mal. Awwal Tambaya, and Mal. Abubakar Y. Sabo.I also thank Dr.Haruna Muhamad.In fact, without their assistance and tolerance, this study would have been shrouded into mystery. Also, I acknowledge and appreciate the effort and contributions of Dr. Raymand Bako (Philosophy), Dr. Mamman Musa (statistics) and Prof. Sule Muhammad of History department, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Similarly, I thank Dr. Salahu Muhammad of History Department, Ibrahim BadamasiBabangida University (IBBU) Lapai for his contributions to the success of this work. Similar acknowledgement and appreciation go to Dr.Shehu Abdur-Rahman Aboki of Department of Islamic Studies, Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University Sokoto (UDUS) and Dr. Abdulkarim Nasir School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna. Similarly, I profoundly extend my appreciation to my able land lord Dr. Alhaji Alikali Jibril (Department of Mathematics, ABU Zaria). He really made Zaria a home for me during my vi Ph.D programme. I thank him for his brotherly concern and assistance rendered during my stay with him. Ialso thank his family members particularly his wife, for all they did to make me succeed in my academic endeavours. I will not forget mentioning my colleague and friend whom we shared together the life in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in person of Alhaji Danjuma Bida (Depaetment of Physics, Niger State College of Education, Minna). I appreciate his concern and prayers. May the spirit of Islam continue to bind us together. I am indebted to my parents/guardians, scholars and teachers who diligently moulded and rendered me with necessary support right from childhood to adulthood. May Allah (S.W.T) reward them abundantly. Ialso acknowledge the effort and contributions of my dear friend Mallam Suleiman Mikail Muhammad (Ustadh Baba Tako) of Department of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic Bida who shielded the home front for his uncountable assistance and support all alone. Also, I record my gratitude to my relations and well-wishers who helped me in one way or the other. Notable among them are Alhaji Hassan Muhammad Nda-Isah (Alhaji Baba Nna-Abe), AlhajiYahayaGimbaNasarafuBida, Mal. Adamu Muhammad (Nma-Bagi) Federal University of Technology Minna, Mal. TijaniAnas and Mal. Muhammad MammanDoko. Similarly I express my appreciation to all members of staff in the Department of Islamic Studies, Niger State College of Education, Minna most especially Dr. AbubakarKawu Hassan, Dr. Muhammad MuhammadShaku. UstadhAbdal-Rashid AtiladeBabarinde and Mal. Hussaini Muhammad. My sincere thanks go to the entire management of Niger State College of Education Minna particularly; the provost Prof. FaruqHaruna Rashid and his team of staff for their cooperation and understanding. I am eternally thankful to my family for their faith, endless patience, courage and understanding throughout the years of my scholarship – particularly my senior wife Hajiya FatimaIdris who all along has been making effort for my success. May Allah reward and bless them all. I doff my cap to the following colleagues (i.e course mates) Dr. Omar Dukly (FCE Zaria), Dr. Ja‟afarAgaji (FCE Zuba), Dr. Abdullahi Muhammad Kaduna(kaduna State University) and Abdullahi Abdul-Ganiyyu Ilorin for their concern and prayers. Also, I sincerely appreciate the authorities of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria for the opportunity given to me to study and contribute to knowledge in the University. Again, I acknowledge and appreciate the authors and publishers of the enlisting work listed in references. vii I also thank the typist Mal. Aliyu Muhammad of Islamic Education Trust (I.E.T) Minna who typed this work with adequate care and consideration. I further thank Mal. Muhammad MuhammadManmusaKodogiBida, College of Education, Minna who also assisted in typing this work. Finally, to others whose names could not be mentioned and who contributed in one way or the other to the success of this work. Allah knows you all, may He reward you abundantly. I beseech Allah Ta‟ala to give us good in this world and good in hereafter, and save us from the torments of fire. May He accepts this effort as act of Ibadah and put barakah in it. Amin. High is Allah (S.W.T) above what is ascribed to Him. Alihamdulillah! viii ABSTRACT This study was designed to assess the impact of Islam on the cultural practices of Nupe people. The study was therefore, focused on some cultural practices in Nupe-Land in relation to the cultural behaviours of Nupe people. It was observed that the Islamic literature of Nupe people have not coverall the field of their cultural practices especially, the aspect of belief and its relation to some cultural norms like Gboya (masquerade) and Ndaduma (father Niger). It was also observed that there are some prints of cultural practices observed along with Islamic teachings, e.g. belief in veneration of Jinn (Jennu-Nupe:demon), spirits and practice of divination. Another problem observed was the cultural practice of Nupe Muslim women marrying non-Muslims. As a result, the study was intended to determine the impact of Islam on the cultural practices of Nupe people. It was further aimed at positioning the stand of Islam on some Nupe cultural practices against their lawfulness and unlawfulness, and draw up recommendations that will ensure effectiveness in carrying out their obligations or duties as Muslims. Survey design method was adapted and applied for this study. Also, a proportional stratified sampling method was used to secure a uniform sampling fraction (S.F) from stratum. As a result, some Nupe urban and rural settlements were sampled from three states of Nigerian Federation: Niger, Kwara and Kogi. A questionnaire was designed and administered to 1,066 respondents randomly selected from the urban and rural communities of the above named states. Five (5) null hypothesis and five (5) research questions were formulated and analyzed. Forty two (42) items were generated in the questionnaire using summative rating scale of 1 – 3 response scale. The pie chart was used to determine the level of significance and the relationship between variables at 100 %. The result revealed that Islam has made a significant impact on the cultural practices of Nupe people in many facets of their life and instilled in them the zeal to improve their general religious affairs.