Chapter 32 MOLLUSCA AMIT MUKHOPADHYAY*, BASUDEV TRIPATHY AND ABHIJNA GHOSH ABSTRACT Freshwater molluscs play a pivotal role in the freshwater ecosystem. Globally, there are estimated 5,000 species of fresh water molluscs, of which 217 have been reported from India. This paper gives an updated nomenclature with a checklist of 150 species of gastropods and 67 species of bivalves reported from freshwater environment of various ecosystems of India. In terms of biogeographical distributions of freshwater mollusc in India, 15 species of gastropods and 18 species of bivalves have discontinuous distribution. Western Ghats is considered to be a unique biodiversity hotspot for molluscs with a record of 77 species of freshwater molluscs alone in this area. This paper along with an updated nomenclature of freshwater molluscs of India also highlights their diversity, distribution and conservation in India. Key Words: Mollusca, Bivalves, Gastropods, Freshwater, India. INTRODUCTION In the freshwater environment, molluscs are an important group and their abundance plays pivotal role in freshwater ecosystem functioning (Vaughn et al., 2004). Fresh water molluscs are common in ponds, lakes, paddy fields, quiet water pools, and flowing waters like lower section of perennial rivers, irrigation canals etc. Freshwater gastropods are generally found attached to submerged vegetation, rocks, sticks, bricks etc, but bivalves live partly buried in the sand or mud. Similar to the gastropods the bivalves exhibit variations in shell features depending upon the ecology of the species and may produce eco-phenotypes (Subba Rao, 1989). Molluscs form an important component of biological monitoring in terms of rating the water quality and status of aquatic systems (Strong et al., 2008). Based on their occurrence, freshwater molluscs are distinguished into two- primary and secondary freshwater species. The primary freshwater molluscs are confined exclusively to the freshwater habitats, whereas secondary freshwater species are distributed both in estuarine and freshwater habitats. There are estimated 5,000 freshwater molluscs in the world for which valid descriptions exist besides 10,000 undescribed species (Balian et al., 2008). A perusal of literature on malacofauna suggests that the most referred work of Preston’s –Fauna of British India on the Freshwater Gastropoda and Plecypoda is nearly hundred years old and 370 Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 Email: [email protected] 501 MUKHOPADHYAY et al. species reported from undivided India, Burma, Ceylon (Preston, 1915), and last the compilation by N.V. Subba Rao who consolidated information on freshwater molluscs and published a Handbook of Freshwater Molluscs of India in 1989 with 195 species recorded from India and adjoining areas (Subba Rao, 1989). Meanwhile, substantial information has been accumulated on freshwater molluscs of India. A number of new species, new information on their biology, range distribution etc. have been added to the list of Preston and Subba Rao. This paper therefore deals with a revised list of freshwater mollusc fauna of India along with their diversity, distribution and conservation in India. Ideal habitat for Freshwater Mollusca Diversity Collections of molluscs from the Indian subcontinent are scattered far and wide. Although there are several species mentioned in literature as occurring in India, authors have taken into account only those species which could be physically verified. Nevertheless, some of the species are included on the merit of the literature. However, authors have made all efforts to present an up-to-date information for all the available species in India. The classification was followed after Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) for Gastropoda and Bouchet et al. (2010) for Bivalvia. In the present work, 150 species of gastropods belonging to 51 genera and of 16 families have been ascertained to occur in India. Table 1. A complete checklist of freshwater Mollusca with Nomenclature update Sl. Species with new classification References effecting nomenclature No. Class GASTROPODA Order CYCLONERITIMORPHA Family NERITIDAE 01 Neritina pulligera (Llinnaeus, 1767) Rosenberg (2013) 02 Neripteron platyconcha (Annandale and Eichhorst (2016) Prashad, 1919) 502 Mollusca Sl. Species with new classification References effecting nomenclature No. 03 Neripteron violaceum (Gmelin, 1791) Bouchet, (2016) 04 Neripteron auriculatum (Lamarck, 1816) Eichhorst (2016) 05 Neritina perottetiana (Recluz, 1841) Köhler & Rintelen (2011) 06 Neritina smithii W. Wood, 1828 Boominathan et al. (2012) 07 Neritina turrita (Gmelin, 1791) Haynes (2005) 08 Vittina variegata (Lesson, 1831) Bouchet (2016) 09 Neritodryas subsulcata (Sowerby, 1836) Rintelen (2011) 10 Clithon bicolor (Recluz, 1842) Eichhorst (2016) 11 Clithon corona (Linnaeus, 1758) Eichhorst (2016) 12 Clithon reticularis (Sowerby, 1836) Eichhorst (2016) 13 Septaria lineata (Lamarck, 1876) Eichhorst (2016) 14 Septeria porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758) Eichhorst (2016) Order ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA Family VIVIPARIDAE 15 Taia crassicallosa Annandale and Rao, Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 1925 16 Filopaludina bengalensis (Lamarck, Brandt (1974), Bouchet (2017) 1822) 17 Bellamya crassispiralis (Annandale, Budha & Madhyastha (2010) 1921) 18 Mekongia crassa (Benson, 1836) Budha & Daniel (2010) 19 Idiopomadissimilis (Mueller, 1774) Brandt (1974), Bouchet (2015) 20 Bellamya micron (Annandale, 1921) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 21 Angulyagra microchaetophora Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) (Annandale, 1921) 22 Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson, 1836) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 23 Cipangopaludina lecythis (Benson, 1836) Lu et al. (2014) Family AMPULLARIIDAE 24 Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822) Cowie (2015) 25 Pila scutata var. compacta (Reeve, 1856) Low et al. (2013) 26 Pila theobaldi (Hanley, 1875) Ramakrishna and Dey, 2007, Madhyastha & Daniel (2010) 27 Pila virens (Lamarck, 1822) Budha & Madhyastha(2010) 28 Pila saxea (Reeve, 1856) Cowie (2015). 29 Pomacea diffusa Blume, 1957 Pointier (ed.)(2015) Family VALVATIDAE 30 Valvata piscinalis (Mueller,1774) Neubauer et al. (2015) Family LITTORINIDAE 31 Mainwaringia leithii (Smith, 1876) Reid (2010) 503 MUKHOPADHYAY et al. Sl. Species with new classification References effecting nomenclature No. 32 Cremnoconchus syhadrensis (Blanford, Reid et al. (2013) 1863) 33 Cremnoconchus canaliculatus Blanford, Reid et al., 2013 1870 34 Cremnoconchus conicus (Blanford,1870) Reid et al., 2013 35 Cremnoconchus hanumani Reid, Reid et al., 2013 Aravind, Madhyastha, 2013 36 Cremnoconchus globulus Reid, Aravind, Reid et al., 2013 Madhyastha, 2013 37 Cremnoconchus agumbensis Reid, Reid et al., 2013 Aravind, Madhyastha, 2013 38 Cremnoconchus dwaraki Reid, Aravind, Reid et al., 2013 Madhyastha, 2013 39 Cremnoconchus cingulatus Reid, Aravind, Reid et al., 2013 Madhyastha, 2013 40 Cremnoconchus castanea Reid, Aravind, Reid et al., 2013 Madhyastha, 2013 Family HYDROBIIDAE 41 Indopyrgus nevilli (Thiele, 1928) Rintelen (2011) 42 Bithynia tentaculata kashmirensis Gloer & Bossneck (2013) (Nevill, 1884) 43 Bithynia troscheli (Paasch, 1842) Taxon Glöer, Falniowski & Szarowska (2006) inquirendum 44 Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson, 1830) Bouchet (2015) 45 Neosataria evezardi (Blanford, 1880) Kulkarni & Khot (2015) 46 Bithynia pulchella (Benson, 1836) Bouchet (2015) 47 Bithynia textum Annandale, 1921 Madhyastha & Daniel (2010) 48 Bithynia (Gabbia) orcula Frauenfeld var. Gloer & Bossneck (2013) producta (Nevill,1884) 49 Bithynia stenothyroides (Dohrn, 1857) Bouchet (2015) 50 Gabbia travancorica (Benson, 1860) Madhyastha (2011) 51 Mysorella costigera (Kuester,1852) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) Family POMATIOPSIDAE 52 Tricula gravely Prashad,1921 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 53 Tricula montana Benson,1843 Bouchet (2013) Family STENOTHYRIDAE 54 Stenothyra blanfordiana Nevill, 1880 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 55 Stenothyra deltae (Benson, 1836) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 56 Stenothyra foveolata Benson,1856 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 57 Stenothyra hungerfordiana Nevill,1880 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 504 Mollusca Sl. Species with new classification References effecting nomenclature No. 58 Stenothyra minima (Sowerby,1837) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 59 Stenothyra nana Annandale and Prashad, Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 1921 60 Stenothyra ornata Annandale and Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) Prashad, 1921 61 Stenothyra soluta Annandale and Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) Prashad, 1919 62 Stenothyra woodmasoniana Nevill, 1880 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 63 Gangetia miliacea (Nevill, 1880) Marshall & Bouchet (2016) Family IRAVADIIDAE 64 Iravadia annandalei Preston, 1916 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 65 Iravadia ennurensis Preston, 1916 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 66 Iravadia funerea Preston, 1916 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 67 Iravadia princeps Preston, 1915 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) Family ASSIMINEIDAE 68 Assiminea francessi (Wood, 1828) Madhyastha & Daniel (2012) Family THIARIDAE 69 Thiara amarula (Linnaeus,1758) Bouchet, P. (2015) 70 Thiara rudis (Lea,1850) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 71 Thiara scabra (Mueller, 1774) Glöer & Pešić(2012) 72 Sermyla riqueti (Grateloup,1840) Glaubrecht, et al. (2009). 73 Melanoides crebra Lea, 1850 Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 74 Melanoides nevillei (Brot, 1874) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 75 Melanoides nicobarica (Moerch, 1859) Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) 76 Melanoides peddamunigalensis Ray and Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2014) Roy Chowdhury