Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2020:113 al thesis Ove Østerlie Ove Østerlie Flipped learning in physical education Doctor A gateway to motivation and (deep) learning ISBN 978-82-326-4576-3 (printed ver.) ISBN 978-82-326-4577-0 (electronic ver.) ISSN 1503-8181 Doctor NTNU al theses at NTNU, 2020:113 al theses at NTNU, Philosophiae Doctor Thesis for the Degree of Thesis for the Degree Department of Teacher Education Department of Teacher Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology Ove Østerlie Flipped learning in physical education A gateway to motivation and (deep) learning Thesis for the Degree of Doctor Philosophiae Trondheim, April 2020 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences Department of Teacher Education NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology Thesis for the Degree of Philosophiae Doctor Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences Department of Teacher Education © Ove Østerlie ISBN 978-82-326-4576-3 (printed ver.) ISBN 978-82-326-4577-0 (electronic ver.) ISSN 1503-8181 Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2020:113 Printed by NTNU Grafisk senter Table of contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract (Norwegian) ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................. 7 List of papers in the thesis ..................................................................................................................................... 9 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ 11 List of table and figures ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Outline of the thesis.............................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Flipped learning ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Flipped learning in physical education. ......................................................................................................... 22 Implications for this study. ............................................................................................................................ 23 Physical education ............................................................................................................................................. 24 New technologies in physical education. ...................................................................................................... 25 Implications for this study. ............................................................................................................................ 26 Motivation in physical education ....................................................................................................................... 27 Expectancy-value theory. .............................................................................................................................. 28 Self-determination theory. ............................................................................................................................. 30 Implications for this study. ............................................................................................................................ 32 Learning in physical education ......................................................................................................................... 33 Situated learning. ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Deep learning. ............................................................................................................................................... 36 Implications for this study. ............................................................................................................................ 38 Aim of the study ................................................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 2: Methodology and methods ............................................................................................................... 39 Methodological considerations.......................................................................................................................... 39 Ontological and epistemological considerations. .......................................................................................... 39 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Design. .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 The pilot study. .............................................................................................................................................. 44 The main study. ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Data analysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 Paper I. .......................................................................................................................................................... 55 Paper II. ......................................................................................................................................................... 55 Paper III. ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 Paper IV. ....................................................................................................................................................... 56 Paper V. ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 Paper VI. ....................................................................................................................................................... 58 Ethics ................................................................................................................................................................. 59 Trustworthiness of the present thesis ................................................................................................................. 61 Internal validity. ............................................................................................................................................ 62 External validity. ........................................................................................................................................... 63 Reliability. ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 Transparency. ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Chapter 3: Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 67 ' ! ! ........................................................................................................................................................................... 67 ' ! ......... 67 Paper III: Increasing knowledge and intrinsic motivation in physical education through flipped learning .... 68 ' physical education ............................................................................................................................................. 68 Short synthesis of the findings ........................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 4: Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 71 Decrease the decline in motivation for PE ........................................................................................................ 71 Motivation and gender................................................................................................................................... 72 Motivation through contextualisation