Pronouns (Module C) Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives 15 Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 10) Overview 15.0 Introduction, 15-1 15.1 Reflexive Pronouns, 15-2 15.2 Reciprocal Pronouns, 15-9 15.3 Possessive Adjectives, 15-11 15.4 Vocabulary Study, 15-23 Study Guide, 15-25 15.0 Introduction Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, and possessive adjectives bring our formal study of first and second declension inflectional forms to an end. Although relative pronouns also share these declensional forms, they will not be introduced until dependent clauses are studied. Other pronouns are patterned after third declension nouns. These too will be studied in a future lesson after third declension nouns and adjectives are introduced. The inflections for the pronouns and adjectives studied in this lesson belong to the first and second declensions, and therefore will be like that of pronouns and adjectives studied thus far. As will be remembered, all NTGreek pronouns are declined according to case and number; however, all except the first and second persons of the personal pronoun are also declined according to gender. As with the personal pronoun, the reflexive pronouns are also declined according to person. Some introductory NTGreek grammars cite only abbreviated paradigms for the possessive adjectives, others omit them all together. However, all forms of these adjectives are included at this stage of your study because they are based upon first and second declension-paradigm stem endings. It is important only to memorize the stems for the vocabulary words presented at the end of this lesson. Remember: all case endings for these vocabulary words have already been presented; therefore, there are not any new ones to memorize. © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-2 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ 15.1 Reflexive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that takes the place of a substantive whose antecedent is the subject of the sentence or clause. They are called reflexive pronouns because the action of the verb is always directed backward toward the subject. By nature of the case, reflexive pronouns are never inflected in the nominative (i.e., “Iself”, youself”, weselves”, heself”, etc.) since they can never be the subject of a sentence or clause. English reflexive pronouns are a compound of the personal pronouns plus the suffixes –self (singular) or –selves (plural). Bill shaves himself. Tom and Mary purchased themselves a new car. The reflexive pronouns in English: Singular Plural First Person myself ourselves Second Person yourself yourselves Third Person himself themselves herself itself The principle method to express action with respect to the subject of a clause in NTGreek was by using a reflexive pronoun. Hence, as in English, the reflexive pronoun does not occur in the nominative; it is inflected only in the genitive, dative, and accusative cases. Their person, gender, and number will agree with that of the subject of the clause. 15.1.1 Paradigms NTGreek reflexive pronoun forms are a compound of a prefix plus the appropriate inflected form (case-gender-number) of the personal pronoun according to its function in the clause or sentence. Like personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns are inflected in the first, second, and third persons. Unlike personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns are also inflected for both the masculine and feminine in the first and second persons. Note that first and second reflexives lack neuter forms. © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-3 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ Because the reflexive pronouns are not inflected in the nominative, their lexical entries are ALWAYS the genitive masculine singular. The paradigms below are arranged differently than might be expected. The arrangement is according to stem. 15.1.1.1 First Person Singular. The stem for the first person masculine singular is , and for the feminine. Notice that the forms consist of the compound + the respective forms of . Only the masculine forms appear in NTGreek (37x). However, the feminine forms are cited for completeness. Lexical Entry: , - Stem: / FIRST PERSON SINGULAR a-2a a-1b Masculine Feminine Translation Genitive of, from myself Dative to, in, by myself Accusative myself 15.1.1.2 Second Person Singular. The stem for the second person masculine singular is , and for the feminine. Notice that the forms are the compound of + the respective forms of . Like the first person singular, only the masculine forms appear in NTGreek (43x). However, the feminine forms are cited here for completeness. Lexical Entry: , - Stem: / SECOND PERSON SINGULAR a-2a a-1b Masculine Feminine Translation Genitive of, from yourself Dative to, in, by yourself Accusative yourself © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-4 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ 15.1.1.3 Third Person Singular. Third person singular is declined in all genders like the personal pronoun. The stem for the masculine and neuter forms is , and for the feminine. Notice that the forms consist of the compound (with rough breathing) + the respective forms of . Lexical Entry: , - Stem: / THIRD PERSON SINGULAR a-2b a-1b a-2c Masculine Feminine Neuter Genitive Dative Accusative 15.1.1.31 Translation. NTGreek reflexive third person singular forms are translated according to their natural case-gender. Gender Case Form Translation Masculine Genitive of/from himself Dative to/in/by/with himself Accusative himself Feminine Genitive of/from herself Dative to/in/by/with herself Accusative herself Neuter Genitive of/from itself Dative to/in/by/with itself Accusative itself © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-5 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ 15.1.1.4 First, Second, and Third Person Plural. Like the third person singular, the plural is declined in all three genders. However, what is unusual, a single set of inflected forms are used for all three persons. Thus, context will determine if should be translated as “of/from ourselves”, “of/from yourselves”, or “of/from themselves” (cf. §15.1.41). Context will determine the meaning since the pronouns must refer directly to their antecedents. FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD PERSON PLURAL a-2a a-1b a-2c Masculine Feminine Neuter Genitive Dative Accusative 15.1.1.41 Translation. As noted above, a single set of forms are used for the reflexive pronoun for all three persons in the plural. Its antecedent will determine which translation will be correct. Gender Case Form Translation Masculine Genitive of,/from ourselves, yourselves, themselves Dative to/in/for/by/with ourselves, yourselves, themselves Accusative ourselves, yourselves, themselves Feminine Genitive of/from ourselves, yourselves, themselves Dative to/in/for/by/with ourselves, yourselves, themselves Accusative ourselves, yourselves, themselves Neuter Genitive of/from themselves Dative to/in/for/by/with themselves Accusative themselves © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-6 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ 15.1.2 Reflexive Pronouns Charted. The following charts list the reflexive pronouns in their normal paradigm order. Lexical Entry: , Stem: / FIRST PERSON Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine a-2a a-1b a-2a a-1b Genitive Dative Accusative Lexical Entry: , Stem: / SECOND PERSON Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine a-2a a-1b a-2a a-1b Genitive Dative Accusative Lexical Entry: , , Stem: / THIRD PERSON Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter a-2a a-1b a-2c a-2a a-1b a-2c Genitive Dative Accusative © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-7 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ 15.1.3 Reflexive Pronouns Parsed. In the table below, all reflexive pronouns are parsed. After learning the first, second, and third reflexive pronoun paradigms, try this exercise: cover the right-hand column with a piece of paper, and parse the inflected forms in the left-hand column. Uncover the answer in the right-hand column to check parsing accuracy. Only the twenty-five unique forms are cited. Form Parsing 1. 1p gen. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “of/from myself” 2. 1p dat. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “to/in/by myself” 3. 1p acc. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “myself” 4. 1p gen. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “of/from myself” 5. 1p dat. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “to/in/by myself” 6. 1p acc. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “myself” 7. 2p gen. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “of/from yourself” 8. 2p dat. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “to/in/by yourself” 9. 2p acc. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “yourself” 10. 2p gen. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “of/from yourself” 11. 2p dat. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “to/in/by yourself” 12. 2p acc. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “yourself” 13. 3p gen. masc./neut. sg. of , a-2a/a-2c, “of, from himself”/”of, from itself” 14. 3p dat. masc./neut. sg. of , a-2a/a-2c, “to, in, by himself”/to, in, by itself” 15. 3p acc. masc. sg. of , a-2a, “himself” 16. 3p gen. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “of/from herself” 17. 3p dat. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “to/in/by herself” 18. 3p acc. fem. sg. of , a-1b, “herself” 19. 3p acc. neut. sg. of , a-2c, “itself” © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey • Pronouns (Module C) NTGreek In Session Lesson 15: Pronouns (Module C) 15-8 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives ________________________________________________________________ 20. 1, 2, 3p gen. masc./fem./neut. pl.