ﺑﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﮫ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Using Gum Arabic as Viscosity Modifying Agent with Natural Pozzolana in Producing Self-Compacting Concrete إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﻌﺪﻻً ﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻮزوﻻﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔﻹ َ ﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ A Thesis Submitted to Department of Structural Engineering, College of Engineering, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering (Structures). Prepared by: Hassan Alhodaibe Ibrahim Hassan Ibrahim B.Sc. in Civil Engineering Khartoum University (2010) Supervisor: Prof. Abdelrahman Elzubair Mohamed July 2016 DEDICATIONS To my Father,,, Mother,,, Brothers , Sisters ,,, To my friends,,, And to whom I belong. Hassan Alhodaibe ,,, ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Abdelrahman Elzubair Mohamed for his help and guidance in the preparation and development of this work. The constant encouragement, support and inspiration offered were fundamental to the completion of this research Special thanks to Civil Engineering Department of Omdurman Islamic University for contribution in laboratory works and their continuous support. I would like to express my deep thanks for my friends for their assistance during the practical work of the research. Finally, I would like to thank everyone who gave me advice or assistance that contributed to complete this research. ABSTRACT Development of SCC in Sudan is highly needed to overcome many problems in the construction sector. The elimination of vibration for compacting concrete during placing through the use of SCC leads to better homogeneity, enhancement of working environment and improvement in the productivity. This research presents experimental investigation on introducing the technology of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in the hot climate of Sudan using local materials. In this experimental work, SCC was made by the usual ingredients cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water plus Natural Pozzolana and Gum Arabic .Natural Pozzolana is used for replacement of cement and Gum Arabic as viscosity modifying agent VMA. Six mixes containing Natural Pozzolana as 10% replacement of cement with (0,1.5,2,3,7,10) percentages of Gum Arabic were used to investigate the possibility of obtaining acceptable fresh properties of SCC. The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete were used to define and check SCC properties and tests. A control mix with zero Pozzolana and zero Gum Arabic was also used for comparison. According to these guidelines mixes (1,2,3) which contained 0.0%,1.5% and 2.0% of Gum Arabic respectively did not match SCC standard and properties. But mix (4) which contained 3% of Gum Arabic was found to be the most acceptable and suitable mix for SCC. Mixes (5,6) which contained 7% and10% of Gum Arabic respectively had acceptable slump flow but their cubes compressive strength results were very low . The research concludes that 3% Gum Arabic as VMA and 10% Pozzolana Replacement produces SCC. اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻮدان ﻟﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ . إﻟﻐﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ و ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ. ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﯾﻌﺮض إﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎءات ﻣﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻮ اﻟﺴﻮدان اﻟﺤﺎر ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮاد طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ. ﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ , اﻟﺮﻛﺎم اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ , اﻟﺮﻛﺎم اﻟﺨﺸﻦ و اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻮزوﻻﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ و اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ .ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻮزوﻻﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻹﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ و اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻ ُ ﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ . ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺘﺔ ﺧﻠﻄﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 10% ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻮزوﻻﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻹﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ و اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ %(0,1.5,2,3,7,10) ﻹﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎء إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ. ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻷورﺑﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ و ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺨﻮاص واﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ. أﯾﻀﺎ ُ ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻮزوﻻﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ. ﺑﻨﺎءا ُ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎت (3,2,1) واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 0% , 1.5% , 2% ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺧﻮاص و ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ. ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ (4) واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 3% ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ وﺟﺪت ﻟﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ ُ و ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ُ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ. اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎت (6,5) واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ %7 و % 10 ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﮭﺒﻮط وﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﺟﺪا ُ. اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﯾﻠﺨﺺ أن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 3% ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 10% ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻮزوﻻﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻹﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﺮﺻﺎﻧﺔ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ. Table of Contents Dedications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..I Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...II Abstract, English…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....III Abstract, Arabic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…IV Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………V List of figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..VII List of tables………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………..VIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 1.1Overview .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Thesis Layout ........................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 7 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 History of Developing SCC ...................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Examples of structures built of Self-Compacting Concrete …………………………………….……9 2.4 Defining the properties of fresh Self-Compacting Concrete……………………… …………..….14 2.5 Acceptance criteria for SCC .................................................................................................... 16 2.5.1 Consistence classification .................................................................................................... 18 2.6 Choice of Matrials .................................................................................................................. 21 2.7 Natural Pozzolanas ................................................................................................................. 23 2.8 Gum Arabic............................................................................................................................ 27 2.9 Mix proportions ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.10.1 Summary of Researchers Finding: ...................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL WORK ........................................................................ 38 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 38 3.2 Constituent Material properties .................................................................................................. .38 3.2.1 Portland Cement ...................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Coarse aggregates: .................................................................................................................. .40 3.2.3 Fine aggregates ........................................................................................................................ 41 3.2.4 Natural Pozzolana .................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.5 Liquid Gum Arabic ................................................................................................................. 42 3.3.1 Procedure for SCC mix design ................................................................................................ .46 3.4 Casting, curing and testing ......................................................................................................... .48 3.5 Calculation of initial key proportions ......................................................................................... 48 3.5.2 Calculation of Mortar Volume.................................................................................................. 49 3.5.3 Calculation of Sand Volume..................................................................................................... 49 3.5.4 Calculation of Paste Volume .................................................................................................... 49 3.5.5 Calculation of Cement Paste Composition ................................................................................ 49 3.5.6 Calculation of Constituent Materials for Concrete..................................................................... 50 3.6 Test Methods…………………………………………………………………………