Towards a History of Australian Diary Keeping* MICHAEL PIGGOTT RÉSUMÉ Cet article présente un exposé en deux parties : que faudrait-il pour rédiger une histoire archivistique des journaux personnels en Australie et que pourrait couvrir cette histoire. Dans la première partie, 1’auteur examine 1’état des études en Australie sur le sujet ainsi que les infrastructures nécessaires pour supporter la constitution d’une telle histoire. Il note aussi les problèmes reliés à la particularité des journaux person- nels australiens et au concept même de journal comme un document d’archives. Dans la seconde partie, il suggère quelques thèmes historiques découlant des facteurs variés qui ont amené 1’émergence de la tenue de journaux personnels. Le genre, les antécé- dents scolaires et sociaux ainsi que les mentalités professionnelles peuvent prédisposer les personnes à produire et à conserver des journaux personnels. Des facteurs événe- mentiels comme la participation à la guerre ou 1’immigration vers 1’Australie sont aussi commentés et développés historiquement, alors que la découverte européenne et la colonisation de 1’Australie (plus particulièrement 1’expérience des prisonniers de guerre) sont présentés comme deux thèmes à développer dans le futur. ABSTRACT The paper is a two-part discussion of what is needed for an archival his- tory to be written of diary keeping in Australia, and what it might cover. The first begins by looking at the state of archival history and diary studies in Australia, and the research infrastructure needed to support such a history. It also points to problems with the notion of a distinctive Australian diary, and with the concept of “diary” as a record type. The second part suggests some possible themes for the history arising from vari- ous factors which give rise to the keeping of diaries. Gender, educational and social background, and professional mindset can predispose people to produce and keep dia- ries and journals. Event-based factors such as participation in war or traveling to Aus- tralia as an immigrant are also discussed. These are developed historically, with the European discovery and settlement of Australia and its involvement in war especially as prisoners of war highlighted as two themes for further development. Introduction The Australian diary, and inevitably the need to know its history, has been under notice for some time now. By almost any measure, in the past couple of * This paper develops ideas presented at the I-CHORA 1 conference and in the author’s review article published in the May 2003 issue of Archives and Manuscripts (see note 6). 146 Archivaria 60 years especially, diaries have demanded our attention. To take that most ortho- dox of indicators, commercial publishers’ judgments, currently we see a very strong market for diaries, particularly covering sport, war, politics, and the arts. We might also point to The Australian newspaper’s year-long reproduc- tion throughout 2002 of extracts from war-related 1942 diaries; the highly publicized on-line diary of the terminally ill euthanasia advocate Mrs. Nancy Crick; the decision of children’s publisher Scholastic to begin a new “My Story” series of fictional historical diaries; Paul Cox’s latest film “The Diaries of Vaslav Nijinski”; and the presence in Australia recently of a BBC produc- tion team to film “The Diary of a Welsh Swagman.” While this paper will be confined to local reflections, it is worth noting that the diary phenomenon finds many overseas parallels. In Europe and North America, it has linked diaries and film (Bridget Jones), fiction (Sue Townsend, Alice Hoffman), anthologies (by editors Blythe, Brett, and the Taylors), numerous published editions (Kurt Cobain, Edwina Currie, Jeffrey Archer, Alan Clark), and Web sites (Anne Frank, Bridget Jones). From the UK recently came news of a new journal, The British Diarist, and of course the Pepys industry continued to flourish with books and Web sites proliferating. This reached a fever pitch with exhibitions, events, and publications to mark the tercentenary of his death. The Samuel Pepys Club, for example, inaugu- rated an award and a medal for a book which “makes the greatest contribution to the understanding of Samuel Pepys, his times or his contemporaries.” The diary ranks with family photographs, birth certificates, tax returns, and perhaps census records as among the top half-dozen record types widely known within Australian society. For many children and teenagers, it is the very first kind of record created and kept. Diaries are truly a contemporary social and cultural phenomenon now, with Weblogs a key feature of virtual communities. And at the “log book” end of the scale, they are absolutely essential to the functioning of the global society: just think of the modern avi- ation industry without black box flight recorders. At the centre of all this is the private diary, the premier personal record: Baiba Berzins called the diary “one of the most individual and intriguing forms of personal recordkeeping,” and one which challenges generalization because each one is “so personal and so multifunctional.”1 Diaries take us directly to one of the central mysteries of our discipline: “why do people make and keep records?” That is a vast subject, linked as it is to explaining human motivation and behaviour, and not yet adequately addressed in our literature 1 Baiba Berzins (review of Katie Holmes) “Spaces in her Day: Australian Women’s Diaries of the 1920s and 1930s,” Archives and Manuscripts 26, no. 1 (May 1998), pp. 132–34. For an excellent overseas example of the case for studying diaries/journals, see Richard Cox’s review of Adam Sisman’s “Boswell’s Presumptuous Task: The Making of the Life of Dr Johnson,” American Archivist 65, no. 1 (Spring/Summer) 2002, pp. 138–42. Towards a History of Australian Diary Keeping 147 and research findings. If we re-word the question, broadening it historically and narrowing it by record type to ask “Why have people made and kept dia- ries?,” we have a seriously interesting challenge. Sharpen it further to ask “Why have certain kinds of people made and kept diaries, and in what circum- stances?,” and we have the makings of a research agenda. Those questions, applied to Australia, plus a number of other related issues, are before us now. If conceptualized in a certain way, the diary is one of the earliest types, if not the earliest type of record. Jenkinson’s lovely little representation of archi- val evolution has an Administrator at the dawn of ancient bureaucracy pre- serving three groups of writing – his “convenient form of artificial memory”: originals of documents received, copies of documents issued, and memoranda of proceedings. This last category is internally circulating documents that he also calls a sort of diary,2 placing the diary-like record at the very beginning. In fact, if the diary is thought of as data set down or captured in chronological sequence for future reference (the “diary-ness” or sequence itself being inte- gral to the reason for the recording), then we are back to the emergence of writing and the development of primitive calendars. We are there with Ice Age man tracking phases of the moon by making notches on bones. The Nature of the Challenge The “Towards” of our title suggests that a great deal more work has to be done before that history is attempted. This is partly due to the state of Australian archival history, and partly because of the state of Australian diary studies. As to the former, our interest and achievements in archival history are mediocre. In a survey undertaken in the mid 1990s, the author concluded that to the extent that it consciously happens at all, the writing of archival history in Australia follows predictably traditional lines.3 I argued that point at a 1996 library history conference: library history conferences often included archives on their programs, but there have been no such conferences since 1996. There was also a brief flowering of interest at Australian Society of Archivists’ con- ferences in the late 1990s, and a trickle of research theses and published his- torical writing, with anniversary accounts of archival institutions continuing to be popular.4 Similarly, there have been very few historical studies on record types. We have no equivalent of Archivaria’s series of “studies in documents.” And there 2 Hilary Jenkinson, A Manual of Archive Administration (London, 1966), p. 23. 3 Michael Piggott, “The History of Australian Recordkeeping: A Framework for Research,” in B.J. McMullin, ed., Coming Together: Papers from the Seventh Australian Library His- tory Forum, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 12 October 1996 (Melbourne, 1997), pp. 33–45. 4 Most recently, E.W. Russell, A Matter of Record. A History of Public Record Office Victoria (Melbourne, 2003). 148 Archivaria 60 is nothing to match such richly revealing works of historical sociology as those by John Torpey on passports and John Tagg on photographs.5 As for diaries specifically, Australian archivists have given little more than passing acknowledgment of their existence and importance. Examine the span of our literature, the conference proceedings, listserv debates, the Australian textbooks, and fifty years’ worth of Archives and Manuscripts, and we find very little direct consideration of diaries. There have been one or two reviews6 and a few indirect if tantalizing asides by Adrian Cunningham, Verne Harris, and Sue McKemmish while debating weightier issues.7 Elsewhere, our manu- script librarians