Pecunia Omnes Vincit CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC AND EcONOMIC CONFERENCE KRAKOW 12–13 MAY 2017 KRAKÓW 2019 PECUNIA OMNES VINCIT Pecunia Omnes Vincit COIN AS A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE THROUGHOUT CENTURIES ConfErEnCE ProceedingS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL numiSmatiC and EConomiC CONFERENCE KraKow, 12-13 may 2017 Edited by Barbara Zając, Paulina Koczwara, Szymon Jellonek Krakow 2019 Editors Barbara Zając Paulina Koczwara Szymon Jellonek Scientific mentoring Dr hab. Jarosław Bodzek Reviewers Dr hab. Márton Kálnoki-Gyöngyössy DSc Dr Witold Garbaczewski Dr Kamil Kopij Dr Kirylo Myzgin Dr Michał Kasiński Dr Bartosz Awianowicz Michał Link-Lenczowski MA Proofreading Korekto.pl DTP GroupMedia Project of cover design Adrian Gajda, photo by Nevyan Mitev © Copyright by Adrian Gajda and Editors; photo Nevyan Mitev Funding by Financial support of the Foundation of the Students of the Jagiellonian University „BRATNIAK” and History Department of the Jagiellonian University © Copyright by Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University Krakow 2019 ISBN: 978-83-954337-0-2 Address Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University 11 Gołębia Street 31-007 Krakow Contents Introduction /7 Carlo Lualdi Victory, celebration and memory: Representations of the Third Macedonian War /9 Szymon Jellonek The Colonial Coinage under Claudius /25 Barbara Zając Mysterious Uncertain Bithynian Coins /41 Paulina Koczwara Finds of Celtic coins in the Western part of Cisalpine Gaul /57 Paulina Dąbrowska Iron production in the Wielbark Culture in Pomerania and northern Great Poland in the Early Roman Period /66 Justyna Rosowska Debtors in the Assessors and Council books of the Krakow from the 14th century in socio-economical context. Examples from the St Florian’s Street /86 Nevyan Mitev The coins of Sigismund of Luxemburg (1387-1437) and Vladislav Varnenchik (1434-1444) from Northeastern Bulgaria /101 Katalin Élő The “Economical Adventurer” Hans Krug in Hungary in the 16th Century /114 Viktors Dāboliņš The Trial of Non-Guild Artisan Claues Kreychel (1594) /128 Introduction We would like to present nine articles by young researchers from Italy, Bulgaria, Austria, Latvia, and Poland concerning particular aspects of numismatics. The pre- sent publication is a summary of the Fourth International Numismatic and Economic Conference, Pecunia Omnes Vincit, held at the Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum and Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, 12‒13 May 2017. The articles direct the reader’s attention to various issues involving aspects of nu- mismatics such as propaganda, coin finds, circulation of coins in certain territories, and forgery. Due to the broadening of the subject of the conference, the publication includes articles dealing with issues related to economics. The subject matter of this publication focuses mostly on aspects of antiquity, the mediaeval and new ages periods. The first group are articles about propaganda and iconographic motifs on coins. One of the articles on the depictions related to the victory in the Third Macedonian War, which took place in the years 171–168 BC. The author analyses both, historiographic and numismatic sources. Analogies are also noticeable in sculpture. The issue related to propaganda is taken up by another text referring to representations in colonial coinage struck during the reign of Claudius. Among local provincial centers, new Roman settle- ments were founded or settled on earlier cities, which, due to the demand, as well as the population, struck their own coins. These emissions had very specific representations referring to the Roman culture, hence their character suggests a process of romanization of the local population. The city could reproduce similar motifs or introduce new ones. The author of one of the texts touch the problem of the correct attribution of nine monetary issues struck in Bithynia and Pontus without the etnicon indicating mint. The article is attempt to identify individual coins, which mainly indicate the productions in Nicaea, Prusa and Amastris. Provincial coinage needs still intensive research. So far, general studies and catalogues have been published. More detailed analyses allow for a better understanding of the tradition and culture of the population of particular ter- ritories included in the Roman Empire. Another text concern Celtic coins, found in the area of the former Cisalpine Gaul between the fifth and the first century BC. The author focused primarily on the coin finds and deposits of Celtic coins on the territories of various European countries, thus 8 Pecunia Omnes Vincit giving a rich comparative background. In addition, the author undertakes to analyse possible reasons for the inflow of coins, and local differences. One of the issues raised in the article are ritual gifts. Coins did not only function economically, but perhaps their presence should be explained through commercial transactions. Another topic focusing on the monetary circulation is the article related to the coin finds of Sigismund of Lux- emburg and Vladislav Varnenchik in northern Bulgaria. The article presents not only the wide circulation of Polish coins during this period, but also highlights the economic and political contacts of both countries. The subject matter related to the metallurgy of the Wielbark Culture is taken up by another article, thus illustrating the rich culture and skills of the people living in western Poland. The author analyses the problem on the basis of archaeological sources from individual positions. Another subject of the articles are counterfeits, focusing on the activities of Claues Kreychel and Hans Krug, living in Latvia and Hungary in the sixteenth century. Coun- terfeits and workshops are being subjected to more and more frequent research by many different scientists. The first of the counterfeiters was copying Lithuanian units, the second Hungarian, providing them with a monogram. Both articles present historical background, types of coins and methods of falsification, detection of fraud and further living of both counterfeiters. The authors also paid attention to the finds and deposits of these forgeries. The last topic in the publication are debtors in medieval Krakow. Based on sociologi- cal and topographical studies reflected in written sources, the author undertakes a very important economic theme, which can thus depict various social relations, statuses, professions or wealth of individual people. The articles presented here constitute careful analysis of various numismatic aspects of the ancient, mediaeval and new ages periods. We are certain that these papers offer an opportunity to expand and supplement existing knowledge, as well as to draw attention to and to stimulate discussion on certain issues. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr hab. Jarosław Bodzek for academic mentoring, as well as to our reviewers, Dr hab. Márton Kálnoki-Gyöngyössy DSc, Dr Witold Garbaczewski Dr Kamil Kopij, Dr Kirylo Myzgin, Dr Michał Kasiński, Dr Bartosz Awianowicz and Michał Link-Lenczowski MA for substantive correction of individual papers. The Editors Carlo Lualdi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy [email protected] VICTORY, CELEBRATION AND MEMORY: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR Abstract: Roman historical commemoration in figurative arts is an interesting subject of analysis. If we consider the iconographies of the Roman Republican Period, we only have a few examples of representations which can be related to a specific historical event. However, if we consider the figurative evidence in relation to the Third Macedonian war, we can observe two surviving iconographic schemes related to this conflict: the figurative models of the monu- ment of Lucius Aemilius Paullus at Delphi and the reverse type of the denar minted during 63 BC. by Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus. Modern scholars consider the first example as related to Lucius Aemilius Paullus’ celebration of his military virtue while the second one is connected to the memory of Paullus’ triumph over Perseus held in Rome during 167 BC. Despite the fact that the two representations belong to a subject related to the outcome of the Third Macedo- nian war, a detailed comparison between the two iconographies has never been performed. This study aims to compare the two representations in order to better comprehend the Ro- man Republican figurative language related to military events. The present analysis allows also us to express some new observations about the different figurative and narrative models celebrating and commemorating Roman victories during the Roman Republican Period. Keywords: trophy, Delphi, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Rome The ceremony of the Roman Republican triumph was an ephemeral commemoration of the military virtues of the triumphator and it was one of the most important public events for a Roman magistrate.1 Not surprisingly, Roman Republican triumphal art includes a wide range of representations, such as funerary iconographies,2 commemora- tive paintings,3 friezes,4 sculptures, public monuments, and numismatic iconographies.5 The depictions represented on the reverses of Roman Republican coin issues noticeably have an iconographical scheme related to the triumphal ceremony that includes the dis- 1 Kinnee 2016: 204. 2 Holliday 2002: 33–43. 3 Östenberg 2009: 189–199. 4 Holliday 2002: 43–48; Dillon and Welch 2006: 105–111; Cadario 2016: 19–21; Kinnee 2016: 205–206. 5 Kinnee 2016: 208–217. 10 Pecunia Omnes Vincit play of trophies