Product Note PPS392.V.2 Biotage® MP-Cyanoborohydride | Page 1 Biotage® MP-Cyanoborohydride NEt BH CN Reducing Agent 3 3 Key Facts ratory bo P a r L a 350 c d t o i c o e G 1:1 12 mo 2.3 1250 350 Thermally & Good Capacity Particle Size Bulk Density Stoichometric Shelf Life BSE/TSE Scalable Mechanically Laboratory (mmol/g) (μm) (g/L) Stable Practice Biotage® MP-Cyanoborohydride is a macroporous polymer- Specifications supported cyanoborohydride,1 which is a solid-supported Chemical Name: Macroporous triethylammonium equivalent of tetraalkylammonium cyanoborohydride. The methylpolystyrene cyanoborohydride bound cyanoborohydride can be utilized as a versatile reducing (0.5% inorganic antistatic agent) agent2,3 for the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds and reduction of imines. Solid-supported cyanoborohydride Resin Type: Macroporous poly(styrene-co- can also be utilized for a number of other important reductive divinylbenzene) applications.1 Examples include reduction of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to the corresponding unsaturated Application: Reductive amination; reductive methylation of primary and alcohols, conversion of pyridinium ions to tetrahydropyridine secondary amines, reduction of derivatives, and dehalogenation reactions. The reaction imines; reduction of conjugated work-up protocol is greatly simplified by using the solid- enones to unsaturated alcohols. supported reagent. Specifically, compared with the small molecule sodium cyanoborohydride, it is reported1 that toxic Typical Conditions for 1.2 mmol of carbonyl compound, cyanide is not released on reaction workup and therefore does Reductive Amination: 1.0 mmol of primary or secondary not contaminate the product or pose a danger towards the user. amine in THF, 1.0 mL of HOAc, and 2.5 mmol of MP-Cyanoborohydride The general protocol for the use of MP-Cyanoborohydride stirred overnight at room for reductive amination is summarized in Table 1. Reactions temperature. Product isolated by filtration to remove the resin. are performed with 2.5 equivalents of MP-Cyanoborohydride relative to the limiting reagent. The carbonyl compound is used as the limiting reagent in the synthesis of secondary amines Compatible Solvents: THF (2.9 mL/g), DCM (3.0 mL/g), to suppress over alkylation. For tertiary amine synthesis, DMF (2.9 mL/g), MeOH (2.9 mL/g). the carbonyl compound is used in excess to allow the use of catch-and-release purification with MP-TsOH cartridges4 or SCX cartridges.5 The reactions are carried out with at least Storage: Cool, dry location 5 equivalents of HOAc to facilitate formation of imine or iminium ions, which undergo reduction with MP-Cyanoborohydride. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is preferred to dichloroethane as solvent due to its greater stability in the presence of reactive amines. © Biotage 2016 Biotage® MP-Cyanoborohydride | Page 2 Excess MP-TsOH or Secondary Primary Scavenge with MP-Carbonate Amine Amine* PS-CHO Secondary Amine Synthesis Reductive Amination Excess MP-TsOH Tertiary Amine Carbonyl Tertiary Amine Synthesis Excess Scavenge with MP-TsOH or Secondary Tertiary Amine PS-Isocyanate MP-Carbonate Amine Figure 1. Stoichiometry, scavenging, and purification options. *Excess primary amine limits over-alkylation Amine:Carbonyl % HOAc in Amine Carbonyl Scavenger Resin Final Purification Stoichiometry Solvent 1˚ Aldehyde 1.2:1 25 PS-Benzaldehyde or MP-TsOH MP-Carbonate 1˚ Ketone 1.2:1 25 PS-Benzaldehyde MP-TsOH or MP-Carbonate 2˚ Aldehyde 0.8:1 5 None MP-TsOH 2˚ Ketonedgdgdfgdgdf0.8:1gdfg 5 None MP-TsOH O R 3 R 4 2.5 equiv. MP-BH3 CN 1 2 R R N + 3 4 R R HOAc, THF, rt N R 1 R 2 Table 1. Stoichiometry, scavenging, and purification options. After reduction is complete, the crude reaction mixture is product mixture was treated with PS-Benzaldehyde to selec- comprised of the product amine as an acetate salt and excess tively scavenge excess primary amine. In these reactions, 25% amine or carbonyl compound depending on the stoichiometry HOAc/THF was used to assure complete scavenging of amines. employed. At this point, there are several options for final Since only 5 equivalents of HOAc are required for the reductive purification (Figure 1). These options are described in more amination step, the additional HOAc to bring the concentration detail in the following sections. to 25 vol % can be introduced with the scavenging resin. After filtration and evaporation, the residue is dissolved in DCM and Applications neutralized with MP-Carbonate or by catch-and-release purifica- ® 5 Secondary Amine Synthesis tion with MP-TsOH (ISOLUTE SCX-2) to afford the product amine as a free base in good-to-excellent yield and purity. Minimization of over alkylation is a key consideration for reduc- tive alkylation of primary aliphatic amines. The amine was This protocol was demonstrated in the reductive alkylation used in 20% excess in order to favor selectivity towards mono of a set of primary amines (Table 2, entries 1–3). High purity alkylation. Reductive amination reactions proceeded overnight and yield were obtained in the reductive alkylation of cyclo- at room temperature in a 25% HOAc/THF solvent mixture. The pentanone. Reaction of N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine with © Biotage 2016 Biotage® MP-Cyanoborohydride | Page 3 cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde afforded approximately 30% Application of the general procedure was demonstrated in over alkylated product. In the case of 3-aminopyridine, it was the reductive alkylation of piperidine with p-tolualdehyde advantageous to carry out the reductive amination in 25% to afford the desired tertiary amine in high yield and HOAc to facilitate imine formation of this less reactive hetero- purity (Table 2, entry 4). Alicyclic secondary amines, (e.g., cyclic amine. A cocktail of PS-Benzaldehyde and PS-TsNHNH2 N-benzylmethylamine), are effective as substrates as demon- was used to scavenge both primary amine and carbonyl strated by the reductive amination of cyclohexanecarboxal- compound to afford the desired amine in high yield and purity. dehyde (Table 2, entry 5). Although the procedure is generally MP-Carbonate was used to neutralize the secondary amine in all effective for ketones, less reactive ketones require more forcing three examples. conditions. Reductive amination of acetophenone with piperi- Tertiary Amine Synthesis dine was successful with 5 equivalents of HOAc in EtOH at 65 ˚C 6 Reductive amination using secondary amines with aldehydes (Table 2, entry 6). and ketones was carried out with amine as the limiting reagent If the carbonyl compound contains a basic moiety, catch-and- and 5 equivalents of HOAc. The product amines were purified release purification will not selectively bind the product, and it from non-basic impurities by catch-and-release using MP-TsOH is recommended to use excess secondary amine in the reduc- cartridges. Upon completion of the reaction, the spent resin was tive amination and purify with PS-Isocyanate. It is important filtered from the solution and the filtrate was passed through to limit the HOAc to 5 equivalents, since higher levels can lead an MP-TsOH cartridge followed by washing with DCM to remove to acetamide formation in the scavenging step. Isolation of the non-basic impurities. The product tertiary amine was eluted free amine is achieved by neutralization with MP-Carbonate or from MP-TsOH with a solution of 2 M ammonia in MeOH and catch-and-release purification after scavenging. isolated as a free base by concentration to dryness. % Yield Entry Starting Amine Amines CarbonylCarbonyl Compounds Product Amine % Purity Amines Carbonyls (isolated) Amines Carbonyls NH2 NH2 O O NH HN N 2 HN N N HN N N O 1 HN N O 97 99 O N O O O AminesO Carbonyls Amines Carbonyls AminesO Carbonyls Amines Carbonyls CHO NH2 Amines CHO Carbonyls HN N NH2 NH2 HN N NH O 2 NH2 CHO HN N NH2 O O NH2 HN N N NH2 O O a 2 N O O O 88 71 N N O NN N O N CHO O CHO Amines Carbonyls H O NH O O CHO NH CHO N CHO H NH NH2 2 Me CHO N NH2 Me CHO O CHO N NH N NH H 2 N 3 H 2 NH2 Me N 85 100 N N N O AminesN AminesH CarbonylO s Carbonyls N N N N O N N NH H 2 ON NH2CHO Me H Me CHO N N O O H CHO N CHO MeCHO N N N CHO N Me NH Me 4 2 Me 81 97 N Me Me H N Me Me H N Me Me N O HO N O N H HN O N O N N O CHO OCHO H N Me N NHH 2 NHN 2 Me CHO N H N H Me 5 H Me Me 87 97 N N Me Me N Me H Me CHO CHO Me O N N N N N b H Me 6 Me Me 74 98 N N H H O O N N Table 2. Reductive alkylation of amines.H H Me Me aDialkylated product present as the major impurity. bThe conditions required for acetophenone are 5 equivalents HOAc, EtOH, 65 ˚C. © Biotage 2016 Biotage® MP-Cyanoborohydride | Page 4 Boron Impurities Representative Procedures Amine products were tested for the presence of boron by Reductive Alkylation of Primary Amines (Table 2, Entry 1) elemental analysis. When catch-and-release purification was To a 0.5 M THF solution of N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine used, the level of boron present in the samples was less than (1.2 mL, 0.60 mmol) was added 1.0 mL of a 0.5 M THF solution 10 ppm. MP-Carbonate neutralization afforded products with a of cyclopentanone (0.50 mmol), 1.0 mL HOAc, and 1.0 mL THF. boron level of 200 ppm. Both of these values are well below the MP-Cyanoborohydride resin (0.5 g, 2.5 mmol/g, 1.25 mmol, boron levels measured for the crude product, which was gener- 2.5 equivalents) was added and the reaction agitated at room ally in the 0.2–0.4 wt.