12/08/2019 Elaphomyces Solioccasus aurantius polychromus Trappe et al. 2013 Mycologia 105: 888-895 Castellano et al. 2011 Australian Systematic Botany 24: 32-57 Macrolepiota Gautieria Truffle biodiversity and turbinata angustispora distribution Lebel and Syme 2012 Mycologia 104: 496-520 http://www.natruffling.org/gaa Susan Nuske PhD n.htm Cortinarius Mesophellia SLU, Umeå Rossbeevera Aroramyces argyrionus sp. Spongiforma paracyanea squarepantsii gelatinosporus © Susan Nuske © Susan Nuske Orihara et al 2016 Persoonia 37: 173-198 Desjardin et al 2011 Mycologia 103: 1119-1123 © Susan Nuske Danks et al. 2010 Persoonia 24: 106- 126 © Susan Nuske Content A confusion of terms • What is a truffle? •Gastioid vs Gasteroid •Sequestrate vs Secotioid • Major truffle groups • Why are endangered mammals important for truffle diversity in •Hypogeous and epigeous Australia? •What is a truffle!? Solioccasus Elaphomyces aurantius Cortinarius argyrionus polychromus Major truffle groups • Ascomycota • Trappe et al. 2013 Mycologia Eurotiales e.g. Elaphomyces Castellano et al. 2011 105: 888-895 • ”SEQUESTRATE - describes fungal fruit bodies which have evolved • Pezizales e.g. Tuber, Amalyscus Australian Systematic Botany Danks et al. 2010 Persoonia 24: 32-57 24: 106-126 from exposed hymenia and forcibly discharged spores to a closed or • Basidiomycota Aroramyces gelatinosporus Gautieria angustispora even hypogeous habit in which the spores are retained in the fruit • Agaricales e.g. Cortinarius (Thaxterogaster) Mesophellia sp. • Boletales e.g. Rhizopogon, Solioccasus body until it decays or is eaten by an animal vector. Many sequestrate • Geastrales e.g. Geastrum taxa can be clearly recognized as being derived from specific spore- • Gomphales e.g. Gautieria • Hysterangiales e.g. Mesophellia, shooting ancestors, e.g. Rhizopogon from Suillus (Boletaceae).” Hysterangium © Susan Nuske http://www.natruffling.org/ • Phallales e.g. Claustula © Susan Nuske gaan.htm Agaricus chartaceus • Russuales e.g. Zelleromyces, Macowanites Gymnohydnotrya sp. • Glomeromycota (Arbuscular Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 • http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html mycorrhizae/Endomycorrhizae) • • Diversisporales e.g. Gigaspora Kendrick, B. (1992). ‘The Fifth Kingdom.’ (Focus Information Group, • Glomales e.g. Glomus Inc.: Newburyport.) • Zygomycota • Endogonales e.g. Endogone Lebel and Syme 2012 Mycologia 104: 496-520 1 12/08/2019 Truffle evolution Not a truffle but still sequestrate…? Gasteroid: often epigeous and Epigeous Hymenium becomes infolded and enclosed have a powdery gleba and some Stipe becomes remnant or lost form of dehiscence of the Lack of forcible spore discharge peridium (where the peridium falls away or erodes at maturity). (Sheedy et al 2016 Australian Systematic Botany29: 284-302) Hypogeous Mushroom ancestor Gastioid = truffle (sometimes Secotioid) Secotioid Gastioid Sequestrate Wilson et al 2011 Evolution © Susan Nuske 65: 1305-1322 Basidiomata Basidiomycota spores Peridium Non-truffles: • Mechanisms for forcible discharge Ornamentation of spores are caused by changes in Gleba surface tension of liquid on the (Hymenium) spore and spore attachment Stipe • This mechanism requires asymmetrical spores with hilar appendages ( ) and curved sterigmata (spore attachment ) Hilar appendage/ Apiculus Peglar and Young 1979 Transactions of the British Truffles are loosing these features! Mycological Society 72: 353-388 Pringle et al 2005 Mycologia 97: 866-871 Truffle spores don’t actively release Non-truffle spore release Peglar and Young 1979 Transactions of the British Mycological Society 72: 353-388 Peglar and Young 1979 Transactions of the British Mycological Society 72: 353-388 2 12/08/2019 ”Ascomycete truffles can be Ascocarp Asci defined as producing sporocarps below or at ground level and with a simultaneous loss of active Ascospores spore dispersal” Læssøe and Hansen 2007 Mycological Research 111- 1075-1099 Hymenium Bonito et al. 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 Bonito et al. 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 Solioccasus Elaphomyces aurantius Cortinarius argyrionus polychromus Exceptions to the rule Major truffle groups • Ascomycota • Trappe et al. 2013 Mycologia Eurotiales e.g. Elaphomyces Castellano et al. 2011 105: 888-895 Geopora cooperi • Pezizales e.g. Tuber, Amalyscus Australian Systematic Botany Danks et al. 2010 Persoonia 24: 32-57 24: 106-126 • Basidiomycota Aroramyces gelatinosporus Gautieria angustispora • Agaricales e.g. Cortinarius (Thaxterogaster) Mesophellia sp. • Boletales e.g. Rhizopogon, Solioccasus • Geastrales e.g. Geastrum Læssøe and Hansen 2007 Mycological Research 111- 1075-1099_Figure7E • Gomphales e.g. Gautieria • Hysterangiales e.g. Mesophellia, Hysterangium ”The animal bites or breaks open the ascocarp, and a cloud of © Susan Nuske http://www.natruffling.org/ • Phallales e.g. Claustula © Susan Nuske gaan.htm Agaricus chartaceus ascospores results as the asci (nearly) simultaneously eject their • Russuales e.g. Zelleromyces, Macowanites Gymnohydnotrya sp. spores.” • Glomeromycota (Arbuscular Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 mycorrhizae/Endomycorrhizae) Korf 1973 Repertorium Tottori Mycological Institute 10: 389-403 • Diversisporales e.g. Gigaspora • Glomales e.g. Glomus • Zygomycota • Endogonales e.g. Endogone Lebel and Syme 2012 Mycologia 104: 496-520 Pseudotulostoma volvatum Eurotiales Elaphomycetaceae • Ascomycota • Elaphomyces http://tropicalfungi.org/guiana-shield/special-notes-on-fruiting-habit/ • Eurotiales – 1 truffle family and another Elaphomyces • ”the deer truffles” genus with uncertain placement aurantius • Epigeous relatives: Pseudotulostoma • Elaphomycetaceae, Elaphomyces • Worldwide distributions, ECM • Diehliomyces • Key features: • Pezizales e.g. Tuber, Amalyscus • Thick, multi-layered peridium Castellano et al. 2011 Australian Systematic • Often brightly coloured hyphae mixed with brown or Botany 24: 32-57 black • Powdery spore mass • Spores spherical and ornamented Castellano et al. 2011 Australian Systematic Botany 24: 32-57 3 12/08/2019 Paz et al 2017 Persoonia 38: 197-239 Castellano et al. 2011 Australian Systematic Botany 24: 32-57 Elaphomyces muricatus var. muricatus Elaphomyces queenslandicus Elaphomyces muricatus var. reticulatus Elaphomyces muricatus var. variegatus Amalyscus sp. Gymnohydnotrya sp. Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 Truffle as a weed… Pezizales • Diehliomyces microspores • Ascomycota © Susan Nuske Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE (Eurotiales, Ascomycota) is a • Eurotiales 8: e52765 ‘weed’ on Agaricus spp. • Pezizales ~10 Families cultivations • Ascobolaceae, Carbomycetaceae, Discineaceae, • Most common competitor to A. Glaziellaceae, Helvellaceae, Morchellaceae, Helvella lacunose brasiliensis Otideaceae, Pezizaceae, Pyronemataceae, Tuberaceae Sarcosphaera coronaria • Never recorded in the wild • 52 Genera, 100’s species • Proposed for Red Listing due to • e.g. Tuber, Amalyscus effective management Tuber sp. Tuber canaliculatum Hydnobolites cerebriformis Terfezialeptoderma Laessoe and Hansen 2007 Mycological Research 111: 1075-1099 Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 Luteoamylascus aculeatus http://mycoportal.org/portal/collections/in dividual/index.php?occid=4776533 Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 Tuberaceae Pezizaceae Nothojafnea thaxteri • Tuber: 180 species Cabero et al 2016 Mycological Progress 15: 33 • At least 17 Genera Kovács et al 2008 Mycologia 100: 930-939 • Epigeous relatives: Nothojafnea thaxteri • Epigeous relatives: cup fungi Mycoclelandia arenacea • Worldwide distributions, ECM • Distinct Northern and Southern hemisphere Tuber canaliculatum Tuber sp. • Worldwide distribution linages Underwoodia singer • Including desert truffles (Africa and Australia) Labyrinthomyces sp. • North: Tuber, Choiromyces Truffle hunter holding a Kalahari truffle • South: Labyrinthomyces, Dingleya, Trappe et al 2008 Economic Botany 62: 521-529 Trappe et al 2008 Economic Botany 62: 497-506 Reddollomyces Amylascus © Susan Nuske • https://ascomycete.org/2000- Key features: Pezizales/Species/Underwoodia- singeri?mapid=653#prettyPhoto • Spherical or irregularly shaped asci with few spores (<8) • (Tuber) Spore ornamentation either honey- comb-like, spines or spines connected by ridges Hansen et al 2001 Mycologia 93: 958-990 Hansen et al 2001 Mycologia 93: 958-990 4 12/08/2019 3 types of Elaphomyces aurantius Ptchothecia Peziza ellipsospora Peziza whitei hypogeous Major truffle groups Pezizaceae • Ascomycota • Eurotiales e.g. Elaphomyces Castellano et al. 2011 • Pezizales e.g. Tuber, Amalyscus Australian Systematic Botany Asci 24: 32-57 • Basidiomycota • Agaricales e.g. Cortinarius (Thaxterogaster) Hansen et al 2001 Mycologia 93: 958-990 • Boletales e.g. Rhizopogon, Solioccasus Spores • Geastrales e.g. Geastrum © Susan Nuske • Gomphales e.g. Gautieria • Hysterangiales e.g. Mesophellia, Hysterangium Exothecium Stereothecia Hydnotryopsis setchellii Ruhlandiella berolinensis • Phallales e.g. Claustula • Russuales e.g. Zelleromyces, Macowanites Gymnohydnotrya sp. • Glomeromycota (Arbuscular Bonito et al 2013 PLoS ONE 8: e52765 mycorrhizae/Endomycorrhizae) • Diversisporales e.g. Gigaspora • Glomales e.g. Glomus • Zygomycota • Endogonales e.g. Endogone Hansen et al 2001 Mycologia 93: 958-990 Hansen et al 2001 Mycologia 93: 958-990 Solioccasus Cortinarius argyrionus polychromus Major truffle groups Basidiomycota, Agaricales • Ascomycota Trappe et al. 2013 Mycologia • Eurotiales e.g. Elaphomyces 105: 888-895 • Pezizales e.g. Tuber, Amalyscus Danks et al. 2010 Persoonia • Basidiomycota 24: 106-126 • Basidiomycota