INTERTEXT AND ALLUSION IN HERODOTUS’ HISTORIES: AUTHORITY, PROOF, POLEMIC Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Jan Liam Thomas Haywood April 2013 To Robert and Beryl You know the line: 'Say goodbye, Catullus, to the shores of Asia Minor.' Cy Twombly iv Table of Contents Abstract vi Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations ix Chapter 1: Herodotean Contexts 1 1.1 An Oral Historian? 1 1.2 Intertext and Allusion 10 Chapter 2: Making Logos 18 2.1 Understanding the World 18 2.2 Ἑ καταῖ ος ὁ Μιλή σιος, ἀ νὴ ρ πολυπλανή ς 20 2.3 Ἡρό δοτος οὐ μυθεῖ ται 25 2.4 “The Ionians Say” 32 2.5 The Limits of Cartography 38 2.6 Herodotus Historei 43 Chapter 3: The Inscribed Landscape 46 3.1 The Epigraphic Habit 46 3.2 Cited Inscriptions: An Inventory 49 3.3 Falsehoods and Deceptions: Inscriptions in Book One 51 3.4 Thematic Inscriptions 55 3.5 Herodotus as Epigrammatopois 61 3.6 Herodotus Epigraphist 73 Chapter 4: Herodotus’ Great War 76 4.1 Herodotus, Poets, and the Past 76 4.2 The Histories and Epic 78 4.3 Competing Traditions 83 4.4 Homeric Intertexts 92 4.5 A Most-Homeric War 97 Chapter 5: The Epic Present: Herodotus and Simonides 99 5.1 The Histories and Lyric 99 5.2 Homer’s Successor? 103 5.3 Summoning the Muse 105 5.4 Herodotus Re-Writes Plataea 108 5.5 Simonides’ Persian Wars 116 5.6 Simonides War Poet 119 Chapter 6: Tyrants and Dead Brothers 122 6.1 The Histories and Tragedy 122 v 6.2 Xerxean Hubris and/or ‘Cruel Divinity’ 127 6.3 Saving Brothers: Herodotus and Sophocles 143 6.4 A Manifold Poetic Heritage 150 Chapter 7: The Oracular Text 152 7.1 Mantic Readings 152 7.2 Herodotus on Oracles 156 7.3 Successful Readers of Oracles 160 7.4 Unsuccessful Readers of Oracles 167 7.5 Oracles as Proof 176 7.6 Historiographical Implications 180 Chapter 8: Inquiries 182 Bibliography 184 vi Abstract Intertext and Allusion in Herodotus' Histories: Authority, Proof, Polemic Jan Liam Thomas Haywood This study considers anew the central question of Herodotus’ relationship with literary and textual sources. It examines how Herodotus comes to define his own work in a context where many artists (both narrative and visual) are seeking to accumulate, delineate, and ultimately dictate cultural memory. Rather than applying traditional Quellenforschung, my analysis centres on examining significant intertextual and allusive relationships in his work. In each chapter, I address the nature of Herodotus’ engagement with certain textual rivals/genres, namely early prose writers, inscriptions, poets (expecially Homer, Simonides, Aeschylus, Sophocles), and oracles. From this emerges a highly nuanced engagement with myriad texts in the Histories (principally: as authoritative voices; as persuasive evidence; and as voices for disputation). Such engagement furnishes considerable authority for the writer of the Histories, to the extent that he provides a superior view of the past, compared to the more limited, partisan perspectives offered by his textual rivals. My study reinforces the salient point that Herodotus is no historian in any modern sense of the word; his interaction with other literary traditions does not appear in a way that is expected of an academic monograph. Nevertheless the evidence for his engagement with a wide and diverse group of texts—both contemporary and non-contemporary—clearly militates against the consensual view that Herodotus was working with predominantly unfixed, oral traditions. Indeed, through this interplay with other literary works Herodotus most clearly defines for the reader his own unique intellectual achievement: the invention of historiography. April 2013 la Fondation Hardt, Genève vii Acknowledgements My interest in Herodotus’ construction of the Histories stems from an MA module entitled ‘Writing and Power in the Ancient Greek World’, in which I began to confront the difficult question of the relationship between the written word and its intended recipients. Of course, the many and arbitrary influences behind any piece of work are impossible to list, though here I shall include those that are especially important to me. First and foremost, I wish to thank my friends and family, who have offered unending support throughout my PhD. My thanks go particularly to the stimulating and rewarding discussions I have had with Anne Landborg, Jason Wickham, David Griffiths, Tobias Tjärnbro, and Max Facey. I would also like to thank those audiences who listened to, and offered valuable comments on, various papers I have given on different parts of this thesis, some rather more developed than others. This includes the 2011 AMPAH meeting at the University of Nottingham, the 2012 Classical Association conference at the University of Exeter, my own co-organised conference entitled ‘Themes in Historiography’ at the University of Liverpool in June 2012, as well as a number of departmental and graduate research seminars. In addition, I am deeply thankful to the University of Liverpool Arts and Humanities funding body; without their financial support, this thesis would not exist. I must also acknowledge my gratitude to those at la Fondation Hardt for the period of tranquillity and monastic calm that they offered me at the very end of my PhD, and equally to the Hellenic Society, who kindly provided me with a scholarship to stay at that splendid institution. Finally, I also wish to thank a number of academic staff members who have proved especially supportive during my time at university. From the University of Manchester, I am especially grateful to Polly Low and Peter Liddel, whose constant patience and considered guidance shall always be remembered. At the University of Liverpool, I wish to thank my secondary supervisor Graham Oliver, who repeatedly instilled a sense of purpose and positivity when I felt most uncertain; and Fiona Hobden, for listening to (and making sense of) some of my more outlandish ideas. Last, and by no means least, a special debt of gratitude is owed to my primary supervisor Thomas Harrison. I have learnt a great deal from Professor Harrison, who has invariably challenged many of my erroneous assumptions, and whose discerning comments have clarified many of my ideas concerning Herodotus and early Greek historiography more broadly. viii It is my hope that what follows begins to do justice to Herodotus and his effulgent Histories—a unique tour de force in the history of ideas. ix List of Abbreviations References in round brackets in the text and in the footnotes are to Herodotus, unless stated otherwise. All citations of Herodotus are from the Oxford Classical Text edition of C. Hude (Oxford, 1908), and aside from where stated, all translations are my own (though assisted by the punctilious translations of Waterfield and Godley). All citations of Plutarch’s De malignitate Herodoti are taken from Bowen (1992), whose translations I have made great use of. Secondary literature is referred to by the surname of the author and date of publication. Abbreviations for ancient authors and their works follow those of LSJ, and for journal titles (where used) L’Année Philologique. Asheri I ‘Book I’, in D. Asheri, A. Lloyd, A. Corcella, O. Murray and A. Moreno, (2007): 57-218. Asheri II ‘Book III’, in D. Asheri, A. Lloyd, A. Corcella, O. Murray and A. Moreno, (2007): 379-542. Asheri III D. Asheri, Erodoto: Le Storie. Libro IX: La battaglia di Platea (Milan, 2006). Bowie A.M. Bowie, Herodotus: Histories Book VIII (Cambridge, 2007). CEG P.A. Hansen (ed.), Carmina epigraphica Graeca, I (Berlin and New York, 1983). Corcella ‘Book IV’, in D. Asheri, A. Lloyd, A. Corcella, O. Murray and A. Moreno, (2007): 543-721. DK H. Diels and W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsakratiker. I-III (Berlin, 61952). EGM R.L. Fowler, Early Greek Mythology (Oxford, 2001—). FGE D.L. Page, Further Greek Epigrams (Cambridge, 1981). FGrHist F. Jacoby, et al., Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin and Leiden, 1923—). Flower and Marincola M. Flower and J. Marincola, Herodotus: Histories Book IX (Cambridge, 2002). Hornblower I S. Hornblower, A Commentary on Thucydides. Volume I: Books I- III (Oxford and New York, 1991). Hornblower II S. Hornblower, A Commentary on Thucydides. Volume II: Books IV-V.24 (Oxford and New York, 1996). Hornblower III S. Hornblower, A Commentary on Thucydides. Volume III: Books 5.25-8.109 (Oxford and New York, 2008). HW I-II W.W. How and J. Wells, A Commentary on Herodotus (Oxford, 21923). x IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin, 1873—). Legrand I Ph. -E. Legrand, Hérodote. Histoires. Livre I (Bude ed., Paris, 1932). Legrand II Ph. -E. Legrand, Hérodote. Histoires. Livre II (Bude ed., Paris, 1936). Lloyd I A.B. Lloyd, Herodotus Book II: Introduction (Leiden,1975). Lloyd II A.B. Lloyd, Herodotus Book II: Commentary 1-98 (Leiden, 1976). Lloyd III A.B. Lloyd, Herodotus Book II: Commentary 99-182 (Leiden, 1988). Macan I R.W. Macan, Herodotus. The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Books. i-ii (London, 1895). Macan II R.W. Macan, Herodotus. The Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Books (London, 1908). Masaracchia A. Masaracchia, Erodoto. La Battaglia di Salamina. Libro VIII delle Storie (Milan, 1990). ML R. Meiggs and D.M. Lewis (eds.), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the end of the Fifth Century B.C. (Oxford, 1969). Nenci I G. Nenci, Erodoto. Le Storie. Libro V. La rivolta della Ionia (Milan, 1994). Nenci II G. Nenci, Erodoto. Le Storie. Libro VI. La battaglia di Maratona (Milan, 1998). OCD3 S. Hornblower and A.J. Spawforth (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 31996, revised 2003). PMG D.L. Page (ed.), Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford, 1962). PW H.W.