Journal ofThreatened JoTT TaxaBuilding evidence for conservation globally 10.11609/jott.2020.12.17.17263-17386 www.threatenedtaxa.org 26 December 2020 (Online & Print) Vol. 12 | No. 17 | Pages: 17263– 17386 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Publisher Host Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organization www.wild.zooreach.org www.zooreach.org No. 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Ph: +91 9385339863 | www.threatenedtaxa.org Email: [email protected] EDITORS English Editors Mrs. Mira Bhojwani, Pune, India Founder & Chief Editor Dr. Fred Pluthero, Toronto, Canada Dr. Sanjay Molur Mr. P. Ilangovan, Chennai, India Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society & Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, Web Development India Mrs. Latha G. Ravikumar, ZOO/WILD, Coimbatore, India Deputy Chief Editor Typesetting Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra, India Mr. Arul Jagadish, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Mrs. Radhika, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Managing Editor Mrs. Geetha, ZOO, Coimbatore India Mr. B. Ravichandran, WILD/ZOO, Coimbatore, India Mr. Ravindran, ZOO, Coimbatore India Associate Editors Fundraising/Communications Dr. B.A. Daniel, ZOO/WILD, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Mrs. Payal B. Molur, Coimbatore, India Dr. Mandar Paingankar, Department of Zoology, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Chamorshi Road, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra 442605, India Dr. Ulrike Streicher, Wildlife Veterinarian, Eugene, Oregon, USA Editors/Reviewers Ms. Priyanka Iyer, ZOO/WILD, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Subject Editors 2017–2019 Fungi Editorial Board Ms. Sally Walker Dr. B. Shivaraju, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Founder/Secretary, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Prof. Richard Kiprono Mibey, Vice Chancellor, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Dr. R.K. Verma, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, India Dr. Robert Lacy Dr. V.B. Hosagoudar, Bilagi, Bagalkot, India Department of Conservation Biology, Chicago Zoological Society (also known as Dr. Vatsavaya S. Raju, Kakatiay University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India the Brookfield Zoo), Brookfield, Illinois 60513 USA; and Committee on Evolutionary Dr. D.J. Bhat, Retd. Professor, Goa University, Goa, India Biology, University of Chicago Plants Dr. Russel Mittermeier Executive Vice Chair, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA Dr. G.P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, India Dr. N.P. Balakrishnan, Ret. Joint Director, BSI, Coimbatore, India Prof. Mewa Singh Ph.D., FASc, FNA, FNASc, FNAPsy Dr. Shonil Bhagwat, Open University and University of Oxford, UK Ramanna Fellow and Life-Long Distinguished Professor, Biopsychology Laboratory, Prof. D.J. Bhat, Retd. Professor, Goa University, Goa, India and Institute of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006, India; Dr. Ferdinando Boero, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy Honorary Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Dr. Dale R. Calder, Royal Ontaro Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bangalore; and Adjunct Professor, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore Dr. Cleofas Cervancia, Univ. of Philippines Los Baños College Laguna, Philippines Dr. F.B. Vincent Florens, University of Mauritius, Mauritius Dr. Ulrike Streicher, DVM Dr. Merlin Franco, Curtin University, Malaysia Wildlife Veterinarian / Wildlife Management Consultant, 1185 East 39th Place, Eugene, Dr. V. Irudayaraj, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India OR 97405, USA Dr. B.S. Kholia, Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, Sikkim, India Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Corporation, Hong Kong S.A.R., Stephen D. Nash China Scientific Illustrator, Conservation International, Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, Health Dr. V. Sampath Kumar, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, West Bengal, India Sciences Center, T-8, Room 045, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, Dr. A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India USA Dr. Vijayasankar Raman, University of Mississippi, USA Dr. B. Ravi Prasad Rao, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantpur, India Dr. Fred Pluthero Dr. K. Ravikumar, FRLHT, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Toronto, Canada Dr. Aparna Watve, Pune, Maharashtra, India Dr. Qiang Liu, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan, China Dr. Martin Fisher Dr. Noor Azhar Mohamed Shazili, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Senior Associate Professor, Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, Cavendish Malaysia Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK Dr. M.K. Vasudeva Rao, Shiv Ranjani Housing Society, Pune, Maharashtra, India Prof. A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India Dr. Ulf Gärdenfors Dr. Mandar Datar, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India Professor, Swedish Species Information Center, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden Dr. M.K. Janarthanam, Goa University, Goa, India Dr. K. Karthigeyan, Botanical Survey of India, India Dr. John Fellowes Dr. Errol Vela, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Honorary Assistant Professor, The Kadoorie Institute, 8/F, T.T. Tsui Building, The Dr. P. Lakshminarasimhan, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Dr. Larry R. Noblick, Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, USA Dr. K. Haridasan, Pallavur, Palakkad District, Kerala, India Dr. Philip S. Miller Dr. Analinda Manila-Fajard, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines Senior Program Officer, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), 12101 Dr. P.A. Sinu, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India Johnny Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN 55124, USA Invertebrates Prof. Dr. Mirco Solé Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Vice- Dr. R.K. Avasthi, Rohtak University, Haryana, India coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Rodovia Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km Dr. D.B. Bastawade, Maharashtra, India 16 (45662-000) Salobrinho, Ilhéus - Bahia - Brasil Dr. Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, India continued on the back inside cover Caption: Blue-spotted MudskipperBoleophthalmus boddarti battle on land (surface behavior). © A. Kumaraguru Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17263–17275 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6532.12.17.17263-17275 #6532 | Received 08 August 2020 | Finally accepted 08 December 2020 A r t Genetic and reproductive characterization of distylousPrimula reinii i c l in the Hakone volcano, Japan: implications for conservation e of the rare and endangered plant Masaya Yamamoto 1 , Honami Sugawara 2 , Kazuhiro Fukushima 3 , Hiroaki Setoguchi 4 & Kaoruko Kurata 5 1 Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume, Kato-city, Hyogo 673-1494, Japan. 2,3,5 Graduate School of Education, Yokohama National University, 79-2 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan. 4 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected] Abstract: Genetic and ecological evaluation are crucial in effective management of rare and endangered species, including those exhibiting complex breeding systems such as distyly. We studied a threatened distylous herb Primula reinii in the Hakone volcano, central Japan, to obtain baseline information of reproductive and genetic status towards conservation. In two representative populations inhabiting a central cone and somma of the volcano, population size, floral morph ratio, stigmatic pollen deposition, and fruit-set were measured. Using microsatellite markers, we evaluated genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of populations. Population bottlenecks and historical changes in population size were also estimated from genotype data. We found significant deviation from equal morph ratios in the central cone population, which also exhibited skewed mating success together with a high frequency of pollination within the same morph. These trends were not detected in the somma population. From genetic insights, the central cone population showed slightly lower genetic diversity, whereas no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found in either population. The estimated moderate genetic differentiation and admixed genetic structure suggest recent lineage divergence and/or gene flow between populations. While robust evidence for a recent bottleneck was not obtained in our analyses, a clear signature of historical population contraction was detected in the central cone population. Our findings suggest that the skewed morph ratio strongly influenced the reproduction of small and isolated populations in the short-term, highlighting the vulnerability of distylous plant populations under ongoing anthropogenic pressure. Keywords: Distyly, morph bias, reproduction, genetic diversity, volcanism Editor: Mandar Paingankar, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Gadchiroli, India. Date of publication: 26 December 2020 (online & print) Citation: Yamamoto,