POLITICS OF SECURITY This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] OXFORD HISTORICAL MONOGRAPHS Th e Oxford Historical Monographs series publishes some of the best Oxford University doctoral theses on historical topics, especially those likely to engage the interest of a broad academic readership. Editors p. clavin l. goldman j. innes r. service p. a. slack b. ward-perkins j. l. watts This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] Politics of Security British and West German Protest Movements and the Early Cold War, 1945–1970 HOLGER NEHRING 1 This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Holger Nehring 2013 Th e moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013936237 ISBN 978–0–19–968122–8 As printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] For my parents, and for Julia This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] This page intentionally left blank This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] Acknowledgements Th is book has been long in the making, and its journey has been a trans- national one. Accordingly, I have accrued many debts over the last few years. My study of the protests against nuclear weapons originates in an Oxford D.Phil. thesis. For making my move to the UK possible, I would like to thank the Rhodes Trust for its generous fi nancial, but also moral and communal support during my time at Oxford. University College provided an ideal community of scholars, and its Old Members’ Travel Fund very generously supported many of my research trips to German and British archives. My D.Phil. supervisors, Martin Ceadel and Hart- mut Pogge von Strandmann, provided intellectual support as the project was taking shape: I have learned a great deal from Martin’s intellectual rigour and quest for analytical precision, and Hartmut has been a true Doktorvater , whose tolerance and openness for approaches other than his own are a model for scholarship. Ross McKibbin’s support for my work, his unrivalled knowledge of Labour Party politics, and his keen interest in comparative perspectives have also been an important infl uence. My D.Phil. examiners, Jane Caplan and Pat Th ane, pushed me to turn the thesis into a real book by encouraging me in subtle ways to think about some of my original assumptions about the protests. Patrick Major, who subsequently outed himself as one of the anonymous reviewers for the Press, also made a number of very astute suggestions that were very help- ful in improving the text. Over the course of the gestation of this book, I have learned a great deal by presenting my work to a number of audiences at conferences and workshops and by discussing aspects of it with a number of scholars and friends: Julia Angster, Stefan Berger, Paul Betts, Frank Biess, Tom Bucha- nan, Jodi Burkett, Kathleen Canning, Rita Chin, Eckart Conze, Belinda Davis, Tom Dowling, Geoff Eley, Moritz Föllmer, Martin Geyer, Michael Geyer, Jose Harris, Sir Brian Harrison, Corinna Hauswedell, Matthew Hilton, Jon Lawrence, Josie McLellan, Klaus Naumann, Molly Nolan, Andrew Oppenheimer, Ari Reimann, Dieter Rucht, Tony Shaw, George Steinmetz, Peggy Somers, the late Klaus Tenfelde, Nick Th omas, Stephen Tuck, Till van Rahden, Bernd Weisbrod, Marilyn Young, and Oliver Zimmer. Lawrence Goldman and Mark Whittow, with their legendary hospitality and generosity, were ideal colleagues when I held a junior research fellowship at St Peter’s College. Carole Fink deserves special thanks because she made an extremely productive visit to the Mershon This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] viii Acknowledgements Center for International Security Studies possible. Likewise, I am extremely grateful to Bernd Greiner for arranging a stay at the Hamburg Institute of Social Research, the centre of cold war social history in Germany. Geoff Eley has taken an interest in my work from early on, and he has been a generous supporter and intellectual interlocutor ever since. For this—and for enabling me to spend two very productive months at the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Research at the University of Michigan during which I was able to put the fi nishing touches to this manuscript—I am very grateful. Th e Department of History at the University of Sheffi eld has provided an intellectual home since March 2006, and I would like to thank subsequent heads of Department, Bob Shoemaker, Mike Braddick, Bob Moore, and Mary Vincent for bearing with me during the long ges tation period of this book. My fi rst academic mentor, Anselm Doering- Manteuff el, and the excellent atmosphere he created at his chair at Tübin- gen fi rst exposed me to the practice of contemporary history, and I am deeply grateful for the experience. I must also thank the editors of this series, in particular Joanna Innes, for their patience and support in seeing this manuscript to press, as well as the team at the Press—Stephanie Ireland, Cathryn Steele, Emma Barber, and my meticulous copy-editor Hilary Walford—for the excellent care they have provided. Historical research depends on the use of libraries and archives, and the commitment of the archivists, librarians, and their assistants: the Archiv der sozialen Demokratie, Bonn (and here especially Michael Schneider), Reinhart Schwarz and Wolfgang Hertle at the archives of the Hamburg Institute of Social Research, and Mieke Ijzermans at the archives of the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam deserve to be sin- gled out for special thanks for their generosity, as do the unrivalled librari- ans at the Bodleian Library. Some of the former activists generously gave up time to discuss their experiences with me: the late John Saville was espe- cially welcoming, and information from the late Dorothy Th ompson and from Peter Worsley was also very helpful.