Flexible resources for flexible transmission system operation IEA-PVPS Task 14: “High Penetration of PV Systems in Electricity Grids” Subtask 3: High penetration solutions for central PV generation scenarios i Report IEA-PVPS T14-09:2017 ISBN 978-3-906042-66-4 ii INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME Flexible resources for flexible transmission system operation IEA-PVPS Task 14: “High Penetration of PV Systems in Electricity Grids” Subtask 3: High penetration solutions for central PV generation scenarios IEA-PVPS T14-09:2017 October 2017 Corresponding Author: Eng. Adriano Iaria Development of Energy Systems Dept. RSE S.p.A Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico. Via Rubattino, 54, 20134 Milano (MI) - Italy Ph. +39-02-3992-5241 Fax +39-02-3992-5597 e-mail: [email protected] iii Report contributors BELGIUM Koen Verpoorten1,2, Kristof De Vos1,2 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 2EnergyVille, Genk, Belgium GERMANY Markus Kraiczy1, Rafael Fritz1, Bernhard Ernst1, Dominik Jost1, 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, Kassel Germany GREECE Stathis Tselepis, CRES, Centre for Renewable energy Sources and Saving, Greece. ITALY Adriano Iaria2, Claudio Brasca2, Diego Cirio2, Antonio Gatti2, Marco Rapizza2 2Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico – RSE S.p.A., Energy Systems Development Dept., Milano, Italy JAPAN Kazuhiko Ogimoto3, Ken Obayashi4, Koichi Asano4 3University of Tokyo, Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo, Japan 4New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, (NEDO), Smart Community Department, Kawasaki City, Japan SWITZERLAND Christof Bucher, Basler & Hofmann AG, Zürich, Switzerland UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Barry Mather5, Vahan Gevorgian5 5National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, Colorado, USA Foto credit cover page RSE S.p.A. Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (Milan – Italy) iv Acknowledgments The Italian contribution has been financed by the Research Fund for the Italian Electrical System under the Contract Agreement between RSE S.p.A. and the Ministry of Economic Development - General Directorate for Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in compliance with the Decree of March 8, 2006. The German contribution is supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the “Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (PTJ)” within the framework of the project “HiPePV2” (FKZ: 0325785). The US’s contribution is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. v Table of content Report contributors ......................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................ix List of acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... x Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Goal of the activity ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Report structure ................................................................................................................................................ 4 2 Power systems and markets with presence of PV ........................................................................ 5 2.1 Present status of power system .................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Generation and Consumption .................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Cross-border power balancing.................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Present status of Market .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Expected evolution of generation and demand.................................................................................. 12 2.4 PV forecast integration into power system operation and market............................................ 15 2.5 Operational events experienced with presence of PV into power system .............................. 17 2.6 PV requirements in case of frequency and voltage deviations .................................................... 20 2.6.1 Germany ........................................................................................................................................... 23 2.6.2 Italy ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 3 Existing flexibility resources ............................................................................................................. 26 3.1 National status of flexibility resources .................................................................................................. 27 3.2 National practice about operating power reserves .......................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Reserve requirements ................................................................................................................ 30 4 Innovative flexibility resources including demand activation ............................................. 34 4.1 List of innovative solutions ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Flexibility on the demand side obtained through demand response ........................................ 37 4.3 Flexibility by installations of storage with adoption of new technologies ............................. 39 4.3.1 Synthetic inertia and fast frequency response supply by battery storage............ 40 4.4 Communication infrastructure for demand-response and control of battery storage ...... 43 4.5 Cross border balancing market ................................................................................................................. 44 5 PV output management for system operation ............................................................................ 46 5.1 Curtailment of connected PV output ...................................................................................................... 46 5.1.1 Belgium ............................................................................................................................................. 46 5.1.2 Germany ........................................................................................................................................... 47 5.1.3 Greece ................................................................................................................................................ 47 5.1.4 Italy ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 5.1.5 Switzerland ..................................................................................................................................... 50 5.1.6 Japan ................................................................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Further flexibility from PV output modification ................................................................................ 50 5.2.1 International trend ....................................................................................................................... 50 5.2.2 Demonstration Projects ............................................................................................................. 51 5.3 Communication infrastructure for distributed PV output modification ................................. 57 6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 58 Technical issues and flexibility ............................................................................................................ 58 7 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 60 vi Operational flexibility and enhancement ...................................................................................... 60 Flexibility resources ..................................................................................................................................