Being a Collection of e nte rtaining Facts not commonly k n own con ce rning various Skins also what is made of them with a ve ry brief Sketch of the H isto ry 0 tanning By L e e A l l y n e New'ork : Printed forthe Gorham ' Company Szlversmzlfbs an d th e ir Frie n d s un d e r th e d ir e cti o n of H Ingalls 'imball in the Autumn ‘V / N -s w ? fi / A , 1 ] C opy righted by the G orham Manufacturing C ompany M DC CC x c vn AS TO THE TANNING OF LEATH E R AS TO THE TANNING OF LEATH E R S omehow people associate certain ideas of mental capacity with certain trades , not because there is any adequate reason for it , to be sure , but from long usage . Why it should be considered eminently respectable to be a brewer , but quite out of the ques tion to be an hotel keeper , is rather beyond the understanding of the ordinary i ntelli gence , or even , so for as I have been able i n telli to find out , of the extraordinary gence . Among the trades which have had the misfortune to fall especially under the ban of society at all times , are those of the soap maker and the tanner . Now , in my mind , the making of soap is one of the noblest of all occupations . How much more keen must be the artistic sensibilities of a man devoting his life to the making of s ome thing which purifies and cleanses , and 9 So methi ng About Leath er which gives to his fellow - men that which is next to godliness than of him who caters to a thirst for beer . Indeed , when one o m thinks of it , godliness w uld a ount to very little indeed without soap , but one could get along pretty well , so far as relig i on o . is c ncerned , without beer Perhaps it is because my ideas on these be subjects were not altogether settled , and cau se I was prepared for somet hing a bit better than the clumsy and inartistic , when I al I went first to a tannery , that was not together surprised to find a keen , artistic , and altogether appreciative man at the of i t head . He seemed so intensely inter ested d in his work , in eed , so interested in every process , that the business took on quite a different aspect from what I had expected . I found him with his sleeves rolled up and his apron on , figuring out in chemical symbols the exact effect that cer tain elements would have on certain skins . Perhaps it was because he was a French I O Som ethi ng Abou t Leat h er man more than because he was a tanner that he was so exceedingly courteous and th at I polite . He smiled when I told him knew something of the theory of tanning , t e but wanted to see it in practice , and marked that the theory was entertaining enough , but the practice was really absorb I as ked ing . him if he meant that for a pun , whereupon he informed me that a Frenchman rarely allowed himself to make , en cou r or even recognize , puns . This was aging , not to say gratifying . He readily laid aside his work when I made my errand known , and we went to gether down a narrow flight of stairs and out through the yard into a little house . On the floor there were piles and piles of skins . Most of them seemed to be alli u gator skins . I picked one p , and at the very first glance learn ed something that I had never known before , and that was the fact that , for commercial purposes , only the skin from the belly and sides of the alligator are I I Som ething Abou t Leather used . I had seen the tanned skins on ex hibi ti on in shops and had always imagined from their shape that they were absolutely com l ete p . I had taken it for granted that the middle of the skin , as I saw it , was that ' t h e middle which had covered of the back , and that the long piece covering the sn out m was fro the back of the head . The skin I held in my hand was soft and a bit spongy , and felt wet from the salt in which it had been packed immediately after it was taken from the animal . - The sides were a grayish black in color , but the middle of it was a dirty ' hite . This was , of course , from the belly . The Frenchman laughed when I told him what I had found out , and said almost everyone had the same idea He told me that , however , in the case of lizards , where the skin was thinner and softer , the hide from the back was used as I had supposed the ’ alligator s was . He showed me a lizard on e skin , a big from 'ava , almost four 12 So meth i ng Abou t Leather feet long , which looked exactly like an alligator skin , except that it had been dried f before salting , which had made it sti f and harsh . Other than in color these skins had exactly the same appearance as they have after they are tanned . We went out of the little house again , through the bright sunlight , and down into a deep cellar , where my guide warned me to be careful of my steps or I might fall into one of the vats . Great deep tubs they were , sunk into the ground , and we walked above them on a narrow plank . These large , sunken tanks , he explained to me , was where the skins were washed . They were thrown into cold , pure water , and kept there for sometimes a week , some times two weeks , according to their size . During this period the water was often changed so that the skins should be per fectl u y cleansed of salt . We passed nder a low arch , I groping my way , for it was uncomfortably dark , and through another I 3 So m ethi ng About Leather room like the first , only here the tubs were filled with a whitish liquid , much thicker than w water , hich he told me was a solution k of slac slime . This preparation thoroughly cleanses the skins , and after they are taken from it they are thrown over a round , slanting wooden post that is just high enough for a man to lean over , and in that posture the workmen carefully scrape the f skins with a dull knife on the lesh side . This thorough scraping takes off an y pieces f of lesh that may have adhered to the skin , and rubs out a certain amount of the lime water . I handled one of the skins at this stage of the process and found it was clammy and thick and soft . As we turned to go into the next room my foot slipped on something , and after I got over my fright , for thick lime and - water , among a lot of well soaked alligator e m skins , would not prove an altogether o able j y bath , I picked up the thing that I had slipped on . It was a transparent shell , 14 where some stray bullet had plowed along the side and torn this outer shell of the reptile who had once worn it . Then So met h i ng About Leather I was told that the lime loosens and off softens these shells , and that they come either in the vats or in the next ro om where the skins , after being scraped on the revolv flesh side , are thrown into a large ing wheel half submerged in a trough of clear running water . I pulled one of the skins out of this trough , and I do not think I ever saw anything more beautiful than it was as it lay in my hand glistening under a ray of sunlight that filtered down somewhere through the beams and struck - the pure , cream white belly . The sides were a lighter gray than they had looked at first , and the markings around the legs , where the scales are small , were beautifully distinct . I had never seen white alligator skin before , and I asked the genial tanner why he did not let it stay that color ; it would certainly be very fine . He told me that the tanning liquor turned the skin yellow , and that while it could be tanned with a solution of alum to preserve its 16 So methi ng Abo u t Leather w hiteness , it would have no strength and no commercial value . Between our selves I think I would almost rather h avc it weak if it could be kept that beautiful color . Maybe , some day , I will be a tanner myself and then we shall see . While we were in this little room I heard louder than ever , the heavy thumping of a great machine somewhere in the build ing ; a sound I had heard some distance away when I had first approached the tan nery , and which acted as a sort of back ground to the swashing of the leather in the vats , the paddling of the great wheels in their troughs , and the occasional word which passed between the men scraping away at the posts .