Business opportunities for Dutch companies in the Mexican renewable energy sector Commissioned by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency 1 Table of Content EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 7 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1. MEXICO ENERGY REFORM ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 MEXICAN OPEN ELECTRICITY MARKET ........................................................................................................... 13 1.3 MARKET PRODUCTS ...................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 GRIDS ON THE OPEN ELECTRICITY MARKET ................................................................................................... 17 1.5 PARTICIPATION ON THE ELECTRICITY MARKET ............................................................................................... 18 1.5.1 SPOT MARKET .............................................................................................................................................. 19 1.5.2 BILATERAL CONTRACTS ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.3 LONG-TERM AUCTIONS ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.4 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ......................................................................................................................... 21 1.6 ENERGY REFORM AND THE AMLO ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................... 27 1.7 EXPERT OPINION ........................................................................................................................................... 27 2. SOLAR ENERGY ...................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS (PV) ............................................................................................................ 34 2.1.1 SOLAR PARKS ............................................................................................................................................... 34 2.1.2 SOLAR PV THROUGH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ....................................................................................... 35 2.2 SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................................. 37 2.3 EXPERT OPINION ........................................................................................................................................... 41 2.4 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................ 45 3. WIND POTENTIAL IN MEXICO ................................................................................................................ 49 3.1 ONSHORE WIND IN MEXICO .......................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 OFFSHORE WIND IN MEXICO ......................................................................................................................... 52 3.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ........................................................................................................................... 53 3.4 EXPERT OPINION ........................................................................................................................................... 54 3.5 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................ 58 4. HYDRO ENERGY ..................................................................................................................................... 62 4.1 HYDROPOWER IN MEXICO ............................................................................................................................. 62 4.1.1 CURRENT DAMS & FUTURE PLANS .............................................................................................................. 63 4.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BARRIERS ................................................................................................... 63 4.2 OCEAN TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................................................................. 64 4.2.1 WAVES ......................................................................................................................................................... 64 4.2.2 OCEAN CURRENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 65 4.2.3 THERMAL GRADIENTS ................................................................................................................................. 66 4.2.4 SALINITY GRADIENTS ................................................................................................................................... 67 4.3 EXPERT OPINION ........................................................................................................................................... 68 4.4 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................ 69 5. WASTE TO ENERGY ............................................................................................................................... 73 5.1 URBAN WASTE .............................................................................................................................................. 74 5.1.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY ..................................................................................................... 74 2 5.1.2 URBAN WASTE COMPOSITION .................................................................................................................... 75 5.2 SPECIAL MANAGEMENT WASTE .................................................................................................................... 75 5.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE ...................................................................................................................................... 77 5.4 NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL WASTE REGULATION ...................................................................................... 79 5.5 BIOGAS ......................................................................................................................................................... 79 5.5.1 MEXICAN MARKET AND POTENTIAL ............................................................................................................ 81 5.6 EXPERT OPINION ........................................................................................................................................... 82 5.7 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................ 84 6. TRANSPORT SECTOR (EV) ...................................................................................................................... 87 6.1 SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................. 87 6.2 EVs IN MEXICO .............................................................................................................................................. 89 6.3 CHARGING EV INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEXICO ................................................................................................. 91 6.4 Expert opinion .............................................................................................................................................. 91 6.5 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................ 97 7. GREEN BUILDINGS ............................................................................................................................... 100 7.1 GREEN BUILDINGS IN MEXICO ..................................................................................................................... 100 7.2 LAWS AND REGULATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 105 7.3 EXPERT OPINION ......................................................................................................................................... 106 7.4 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES .......................................................................................................................... 109 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................