Tourism’s Impact on the Environment: A Systematic Review of Energy and Water Interventions A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce in Marketing School of Business and Economics Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship University of Canterbury Leroy Paul-Andrews 2017 Tourism’s Impact on the Environment: A Systematic Review of Energy and Water Interventions I. Contents I. CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. II II. LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... V III. LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... VI IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... VII V. ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. VIII VI. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ IX I. INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................................................. IX II. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... X III. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................ XI IV. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS .............................................................................................................. XI 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 4 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Practical Implications ...................................................................................................... 4 1.5.2 Academic Implications .................................................................................................... 4 THESIS OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................... 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 7 TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Impacts ............................................................................................................................ 7 CLIMATE CHANGE ........................................................................................................................ 8 CLIMATE CHANGE AND TOURISM ................................................................................................. 10 ENERGY ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.5.1 Energy and Tourism ...................................................................................................... 11 2.5.2 Energy Use in Tourism ................................................................................................... 11 2.5.3 Reducing Energy Use in Tourism ................................................................................... 19 ii 2.5.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 30 WATER .................................................................................................................................... 32 2.6.1 Water Stress, Scarcity & Quality ................................................................................... 32 2.6.2 Water and Tourism ....................................................................................................... 33 2.6.3 Water Use in Tourism .................................................................................................... 34 2.6.4 Water Quality in Tourism .............................................................................................. 40 2.6.5 Reducing Water Use in Tourism .................................................................................... 41 2.6.6 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 45 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 46 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 48 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 48 SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS ................................................................................................................ 48 SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND TOURISM ............................................................................................ 49 SEARCHING ............................................................................................................................... 50 SELECTING ................................................................................................................................ 52 REVIEWING ............................................................................................................................... 53 ANALYSING ............................................................................................................................... 54 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 56 ENERGY ................................................................................................................................... 56 4.1.1 Search Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 56 4.1.2 General Discussion ........................................................................................................ 62 4.1.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 65 WATER .................................................................................................................................... 65 4.2.1 Search Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 65 4.2.2 General Discussion ........................................................................................................ 73 4.2.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 75 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 76 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 78 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 78 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH ........................................................................................................ 78 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 78 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 80 Tourism’s Impact on the Environment: A Systematic Review of Energy and Water Interventions FUTURE RESEARCH .................................................................................................................... 81 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS ......................................................................................................... 82 5.6.1 Practical Contributions .................................................................................................. 82 5.6.2 Academic Contributions ................................................................................................ 82 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 84 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 125 APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................................... 125 Base Search Term