Wesleyan University The Honors College Social Mix or Maquillage?: Institutions, Immigration, and Integration in Marseille by Elizabeth Joy Shackney Class of 2017 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in Government Middletown, Connecticut April, 2017 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. IV ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... V ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... VI INITIAL FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF A FAIR REPRESENTATION ......................................................................... 1 Marseille: A Multicultural Haven? ...................................................................................................... 1 Urban Inequities ................................................................................................................................. 4 Central Questions, Methods, and Structure of the Thesis ................................................................. 7 Contributions to the Field ................................................................................................................. 12 Implications ...................................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER ONE: THE INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 15 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Institutional Theory .................................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Governmental Institutional Structures in France ....................................................................... 23 1.2.1 Central Government ........................................................................................................... 23 1.2.2 Decentralization and the Three Tiers of Local Government ............................................... 26 Immigration and Decentralization in Europe .......................................................................... 27 The Defferre Decentralization Reforms of 1982 ..................................................................... 28 Current Structure of Local Government ................................................................................. 34 La réforme des rhythmes scolaires .......................................................................................... 38 1.2.3 Intercommunal Structures (EPCI) ....................................................................................... 40 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER TWO: THE MIGRATION .............................................................................................................. 48 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 48 2.1 A Timeline of Maghrebi Migration to France in the Twentieth Century .................................... 49 2.2 The French Republican Model and Integration .......................................................................... 54 2.3 Integrating Maghrebi Populations .............................................................................................. 62 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER THREE: THE CITIES ..................................................................................................................... 70 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 70 3.1 Geography, History, and Economy ............................................................................................. 72 3.2 Immigration Settlement Patterns in the Cities ........................................................................... 76 3.3 Socioeconomics of the Cities ...................................................................................................... 79 3.3.1 Between Cities .................................................................................................................... 79 3.3.2 Within Cities ........................................................................................................................ 81 3.4 Political Contexts ........................................................................................................................ 88 3.4.1 Clientelism in Marseille ....................................................................................................... 88 3.4.2 The Mayors ......................................................................................................................... 92 Marseille ................................................................................................................................. 93 Lyon ......................................................................................................................................... 96 3.4.3 Relationships with Surrounding Communes ....................................................................... 99 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER FOUR: THE RESPONSES ........................................................................................................... 102 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 102 4.1 Housing and Geographic Concentrations of Poverty ................................................................ 104 4.1.1 National Housing Issues .................................................................................................... 104 Housing for Refugees Today ................................................................................................. 107 ii 4.1.2 Marseille ........................................................................................................................... 108 4.1.3 Lyon .................................................................................................................................. 111 4.1.4 Organizing, within Limits .................................................................................................. 115 4.2 Marseille’s Economic Decline ................................................................................................... 118 4.3 EPCI Development .................................................................................................................... 127 4.3.1 Marseille ........................................................................................................................... 128 4.3.2 Lyon .................................................................................................................................. 131 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 135 CHAPTER FIVE: THE ASSOCIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 137 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 137 5.1 Maquillage ................................................................................................................................ 139 5.2 From Activism to Policy Outcomes ........................................................................................... 142 5.3 Associational Support ............................................................................................................... 148 5.4 Institutional Accountability and the Electoral System .............................................................. 155 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 162 Civil Society and Marseille’s Institutions .................................................................................... 162 Categorizing Local Institutions ................................................................................................... 163 CONCLUSION: IN SEARCH OF SOLIDARITY .............................................................................................. 168 Chapter Review