H ILL INO S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BULLETIN Vol. 40 February 2, 1943 No. 24 ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN SERIES No. 340 LOSS OF HEAD IN FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VARIOUS TYPES OF ONE-AND-ONE-HALF-INCH VALVES BT WALLACE M. LANSFORD PRICE: PORTY CENTS PUBLISHED BY THE UNVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA [ned weekly. Entered a seeond.las matter at the poet fie at Urbana, Ilinois under the Aot of / August 24, 1912. 'Offe of Publication, 58 Administration Building, Urbana, Xllinol Acceptance for mailng at the special rate of postage provided for in seotiOn 1103, Act of OCtober S, 1917, authorised July 31, 1918.] - ^T HE Engineering Experiment Station was established by act, of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois on De- cember 8, 1903. It is the purpose of the Station to conduct investigations and make studies of importance to the engineering, manufacturing, railway, mining, and other industrial interests of the State. The management of the Engineering Experiment Station is vested in an Executive Staff composed of the Director and his Assistant, the Heads of the several Departments in the College of Engineering, and the Professor of Chemical Engineering. This Staff is responsible for the establishment of general policies governing the work of the Station, including the approval of material for publication. All members of the teaching staff of the College are encouraged to engage in scientific research, either directly or in co6peration with the Research Corps, composed of full-time research assistants, research graduate assistants, and special investigators. To render the results of its scientific investigations available to the public, the Engineering Experiment Station publishes and dis- tributes a series of bulletins. Occasionally it publishes circulars of timely interest, presenting information of importance, compiled from various sources which may not readily be accessible to the clientele- of the Station, and reprints of articles appearing in the technical press written by members of the staff and others. The volume and number at the top of the front cover page are merely arbitrary numbers and refer to the general publications of the University. Above the title on the cover is given the number of the Engineering Experiment Station bulletin, circular, or reprint which should be used in referring to these publications. "For copies of publications or for other information address THE ENGINEERING EXPEiIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN SERIES No. 340 LOSS OF HEAD IN FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VARIOUS TYPES OF ONE-AND-ONE-HALF-INCH VALVES BY WALLACE M. LANSFORD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRICE: FORTY CENTS UNIVERSITY 3000-2-43-24574 ,F^s , CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTION . 5 1. Object and Scope of Investigation . 5 2. Acknowledgments . S 5 II. APPARATUS AND METHOD OF TESTING . 3. General Description of Apparatus and Method of Testing . 6 4. Gate Valves . 13 5. Globe Valves . S. 15 6. Check Valves . 22 7. Y Valve . 23 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 26 8. General . 26 9. Gate Valves . 28 10. Globe Valves . 29 11. Check Valves . 30 12. Y Valve . 30 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . 13. Summary. 14. Conclusion APPENDIX . 33 Selected Bibliography . 33 LIST OF FIGURES NO. PAGE 1. Diagrammatic Sketch of Pipe Layout and Tank . 6 2. Arrangement of Apparatus .. ... 6 3. (a) Relation Between Loss in Head in 8.06 ft. of Test Pipe and Velocity in Pipe . .. 8 (b) Relation Between K,, Ratio of Loss in Head in Test Length of 8.06 ft. of 1 2-in. Pipe to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number . 8 4. View of Cut-away Section of Gate Valve, Pattern of Valve No. 3 or No. 4 9 5. View of All Gate Valves Tested .. ... 9 6. Relation Between Head Loss in Gate Valves and Velocity in Pipe . 10 7. Relation Between K,, Ratio of Head Loss in Gate Valves to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number .... 11 8. Various Types of Globe Valves . 12 9. Relation Between Head Loss in Bevel-Seat Globe Valves and Average Velocity in Pipe . 14 10. Relation Between Head Loss in Composition-Disc Globe Valves and Average Velocity in Pipe . ... 16 11. Relation Between Head Loss in Plug-Disc Globe Valves and Average Velocity in Pipe . ... 17 12. Relation Between K,, Ratio of Head Loss in Bevel-Seat Globe Valves to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number . 18 13. Relation Between K,, Ratio of Head Loss in Composition-Disc Globe Valves to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number . 19 14. Relation Between K,, Ratio of Head Loss in Plug-Disc Globe Valves to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number . 20, 21 15. Various Types of Check Valves . 22 16. Relation Between Head Loss in Various Check Valves and Average Velocity in Pipe . .. 23 17. Relation Between K,, Ratio of Head Loss in Check Valve to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number . 24 18. Y or Blow-off Valve ... 24 19. Relation Between Head Loss in Y Valve and Velocity in Pipe . 25 20. Relation Between K., Ratio of Head Loss in Y Valve to Velocity Head in Pipe, and Reynolds Number ... 26 LIST OF TABLES NO. PAGE 1. List of Valves Tested . .. 7 2. Experimental Results . .... 27 3. Summary of Experimental Results . .. 28 LOSS IN HEAD IN FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VARIOUS TYPES OF ONE-AND-ONE-HALF-INCH VALVES I. INTRODUCTION 1. Object and Scope of Investigation.-The tests herein reported were made to obtain information regarding the loss in head accompa- nying the flow of water through various types of small valves. Few published test results* are available for small valves of recent manu- facture. Furthermore, there is a need for the study of the hydraulic characteristics of small valves by means of dimensionless parameters for the purpose of making the results of the tests more useful to engi- neers concerned with the flow of fluids other than water. The dimen- sionless parameters used in this analysis were Kv, the ratio of the head loss in a valve to the average velocity head in the pipe, and Rp, the Reynolds number for the flow conditions in the pipe (defined in Section 3). These dimensionless parameters introduce all the factors that in- fluence the flow through the valves and make it possible to express the laws governing the flow in a form that is independent of the units used. The laws thus obtained permit the extension of the results of these tests to the flow of any fluid through all valves that are geometrically similar to those tested. The tests reported in this bulletin were made on twenty-nine one- and-one-half-inch brass valves. Four kinds of these valves were tested, namely, gate, globe, check, and Y valves, all of which were of the threaded or screw-fitting type. Many of these valves were tested at various positions of the internal mechanism of the valve and with the water flowing in each direction. Approximately ninety such positions were tested. 2. Acknowledgments.-The investigation herein reported was carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the University of Illinois as a part of the work of the Engineering Experiment Station, of which DEAN M. L. ENGER is the director, and of the Department of Theoreti- cal and Applied Mechanics, of which PROFESSOR F. B. SEELY is the head. Grateful acknowledgment is due CRANE COMPANY and JENKINS BRos., manufacturers of valves, who supplied gratis all the valves used in the investigation. Many of the data included in this bulletin were obtained by MR. G. B. LYON, a senior student at the University of Illinois, in satisfying the requirement for a thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Science. *Numerical indices refer to correspondingly numbered references in the bibliography at the end of this bulletin. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION -•I t'-o"-- 2'-g"--t< - '-o"-- f'-l'',--'-,-/, <--- e'-i-1'6--i1 S Piezomeer P er To SDischarge Connection •Valve Connect/on Supply Confrol Under Main Valve Test FIG. 1. DIAGRAMMATIC SKETCH OF PIPE LAYOUT AND TANK II. APPARATUS AND METHOD OF TESTING 3. General Description of Apparatus and Method of Testing.- Twenty-nine brass valves were tested in approximately ninety settings or arrangements of the valves. A diagrammatic sketch of the entire apparatus is shown in Fig. 1, and a photograph of the entire apparatus is reproduced in Fig. 2. All valves were tested in the same location in one pipe line and under similar conditions of flow. In all tests the valve was preceded by 20 ft., 10 in. (166 diameters) of straight one- and-one-half-inch galvanized steel pipe and was followed by 17 ft., 9 in. (142 diameters) of similar pipe. The average internal cross-sec- tional area of the pipe was determined by measuring the volume of FIG. 2. ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS LOSS OF HEAD IN FLOW THROUGH VALVES TABLE 1 LIST OF VALVES TESTED Test Manufac- Style Num- Manufacturer turers' Description ber Number Gate 1 Crane Co. 438 Wedge disc non-rising stem 125-lb. SWP 2 Crane Co. 438 Wedge disc non-rising stem 125-lb. SWP 3* Crane Co. 440 Double disc rising stem 125-lb. SWP 4 Crane Co. 440 Double disc rising stem 125-lb. SWP 102 Jenkins Bros. 370 Wedge disc non-rising stem inside screw Globe Bevel-seat 5 Crane Co. 1 Brass disc 125-lb. SWP 6 Crane Co. 1 Brass disc 125-lb.