Trend Analysis of Long Tunnels Worldwide MTI Report WP 12-09 MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE The Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) was established by Congress in 1991 as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (ISTEA) and was reauthorized under the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century (TEA-21). MTI then successfully competed to be named a Tier 1 Center in 2002 and 2006 in the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Most recently, MTI successfully competed in the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2011 to be named a Tier 1 Transit-Focused University Transportation Center. The Institute is funded by Congress through the United States Department of Transportation’s Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), University Transportation Centers Program, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and by private grants and donations. 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This report does not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the U.S. government, State of California, or the Mineta Transportation Institute, who assume no liability for the contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard specification, design standard, or regulation. REPORT WP 12-09 TREND ANALYSIS OF LONG TUNNELS WORLDWIDE Jae-Ho Pyeon, PhD March 2016 A publication of Mineta Transportation Institute Created by Congress in 1991 College of Business San José State University San José, CA 95192-0219 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. CA-MTI-16-1429 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Trend Analysis of Long Tunnels Worldwide March 2016 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report Jae-Ho Pyeon, PhD MTI Report WP 12-09 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business San José State University 11. Contract or Grant No. San José, CA 95192-0219 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology University Transportation Centers Program 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplemental Notes 16. Abstract High-speed rail construction projects have frequently required long tunnels to reduce travel time and distance. The California High-Speed Rail (CHSR) authority is considering a tunnel up to 16 miles long for a direct route from Palmdale to Burbank. With advances in tunneling technology, the many long tunnels in use around the world today hold valuable lessons for CHSR, particularly with respect to minimization of ground disturbance and improved passenger and operator safety. The primary objective of this project is to determine the state of the art for construction and operation of long tunnels used for high-speed rail. With an abundance of long tunnels successfully completed and already in use around the globe, an examination of those projects can provide the State with the benefit of their experience at little cost. The research began with a review of the literature on long tunnels around the world, with a focus on characteristics and the research team constructed a detailed database of information on the projects behind the world’s long tunnels. Based on the data, this report presents data on 67 tunnels longer than 4.5 miles, including 32 high-speed railway tunnels, located in 28 countries around the world. The research team analyzed the data to determine the factors that should be considered in planning long tunnels for HSR projects. Analysis results were documented in a systematic manner to compare with potential tunnels for the Palmdale-to-Burbank segment of the California HSR system. It is hoped that the trends identified from the aggregate data will help inform decisions for the tunnel projects being considered for the Palmdale-to-Burbank segment of California High-Speed Rail. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Long Tunnel, TBM, Tunneling No restrictions. This document is available to the public through Method, High Speed Rail, Trend The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 Analysis 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 51 $15.00 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) iii Copyright © 2016 by Mineta Transportation Institute All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2016935462 To order this publication, please contact: Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business San José State University San José, CA 95192-0219 Tel: (408) 924-7560 Fax: (408) 924-7565 Email: [email protected] transweb.sjsu.edu Mineta Transportation Institute 031616 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to the Mineta Transporta-tion Institute (MTI) for the financial and administrative support that made this research possible. The author is especially grateful to research assistants Nima Khatae and Arash Abbasi for their constructive assistance collecting project data and information for this research. The authors also thank MTI staff, including Executive Director Karen Philbrick, PhD; Publication Support Manager Joseph Mercado; and Editor and Webmaster Frances Cherman. Mineta Transportation Institute v TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Research Background and Objective 1 Research Methodology 1 Research Outcomes 2 I. Introduction 5 Background 5 Objective 5 Scope And Methodology 5 II. Literature Review 7 Long Tunnels Around the World 7 Rail Transit Tunnel Types 9 Excavation Methods 11 Emergency Operations 14 Ventilation Systems 17 Spoil Management 19 European High-Speed Rail Tunnel Systems 21 Gotthard Tunnel Review 23 III. Data Collection 25 Robbins Company Tunnel Data 28 California High-Speed Rail Palmdale-to-Burbank Tunnel 30 IV. Data Analysis 31 Projects by Location 31 Tunneling Methods 34 Tunnel Configuration 40 V. Conclusions 42 Appendix 44 Abbreviations and Acronyms 46 Bibliography 47 About the Author 50 Peer Review