Designation = Evaluate WRA Score = 1 Family: Meliaceae Taxon: Sandoricum koetjape Synonym: Melia koetjape Burm. f. (basionym) Common Name: Kechapi Sandoricum indicum Cav. Red santol Santol Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 y 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 10/7/2011 Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) Page 1 of 8 Designation = Evaluate WRA Score = 1 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 1 Print Date: 10/7/2011 Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) Page 2 of 8 Designation = Evaluate WRA Score = 1 Supporting Data: 101 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "The locally important fruit trees of Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering Malesia, Lansium domesticum (langsat) and Sandoricum koetjape (sentul) exist Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, in a number of forms, wild, cultivated and naturalized, though they are not grown Myrtaceae. Springer, New York on a commercial plantation scale, those reaching markets being largely those selected from local trees." [Some domestication has occurred, but no evidence that tree is highly domesticated] 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2-high] "S. koetjape is a CAB International, Wallingford, UK semideciduous tree up to 30 m tall and 90 cm in diameter. It is found naturalized or cultivated throughout tropical Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam." 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "S. koetjape is a semideciduous tree up to CAB International, Wallingford, UK 30 m tall and 90 cm in diameter. It is found naturalized or cultivated throughout tropical Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam." 203 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "The santol is tropical Santol (Sandoricum koetjape ). and cannot be grown above 3,280 ft (1,000 m) in Java. It flourishes in dry as well http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/santo as moist areas of the Philippine lowlands." l.html 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "S. CAB International, Wallingford, UK koetjape is a semideciduous tree up to 30 m tall and 90 cm in diameter. It is found naturalized or cultivated throughout tropical Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam." 205 1981. Pennington, T.D./Styles, B.T./Taylor, [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural D.A.H.. Meliaceae, with Accounts of range? Yes] "Sandoricum koetjape has been occasionally planted in the New Swietenioideae and Chemotaxonomy. Flora World on account of its large edible fruit (up to 5-6 cm diam.). The only Neotropica. 28: 1-470. collections known to me are from Costa Rica." 205 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Santol (Sandoricum koetjape ). range? Yes] "Only a few specimens are known in the western hemisphere: one in http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/santo the Lancetilla Experimental Garden at Tela, Honduras, and one or more in Costa l.html Rica. Seeds have been introduced into Florida several times since 1931. Most of the seedlings have succumbed to cold injury. At least 3 have survived to bearing age in special collections. Grafted plants from the Philippines have fruited well at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami." 205 2004. Kueffer, C.. Impacts of woody invasive [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural species on tropical forests of the Seychelles. range? Yes] Seychelles PhD Dissertation. Swiss Federal Institute Of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland 205 2004. Starr, F./Starr, K./Loope, Lloyd L.. New [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. range? Yes] Hawaiian Islands Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 79: 20-30. 301 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "The santol is believed native to former Santol (Sandoricum koetjape ). Indochina (especially Cambodia and southern Laos) and Malaya, and to have http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/santo been long ago introduced into India, the Andaman Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, l.html the Moluccas, Mauritius, and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits are abundant in the local markets." 301 2004. Kueffer, C.. Impacts of woody invasive [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "The present vegetation of the species on tropical forests of the Seychelles. Seychelles can be classified into six main vegetation types: beach fringe and PhD Dissertation. Swiss Federal Institute Of coastal vegetation (including mangroves), lowland forest, mid altitude forest, palm Technology, Zurich, Switzerland forest, inselberg vegetation, and montane forest (adapted from Stoddart 1984, Carlstroem 1996, Fleischmann et al. 2003)...The lowland forests (at c. 50 to 300 m asl.) are mostly abandoned timber plantations, where c. 90% of all woody species are non-native, e.g. Adenanthera pavonina, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cinnamomum verum, Falcataria moluccana or Sandoricum koetjape, with a few colonizing endemic palms in the understorey." Print Date: 10/7/2011 Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) Page 3 of 8 Designation = Evaluate WRA Score = 1 301 2004. Starr, F./Starr, K./Loope, Lloyd L.. New [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Native from India to the East Indies (St. plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. John, 1973), S. koetjape (santol) is known from Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 79: 20-30. BISH specimens to have been first collected on O‘ahu in 1933 and has recently been collected spreading from plantings on both East and West Maui...These collections represent a new naturalized record for the Hawaiian Islands. Material examined: MAUI: East Maui, Häna Hwy, at Ulumalu Rd intersection, many young seedlings spreading in gulch from nearby planting, reported by Monroe Bryce, 550 ft [168 m], 30 Jan 2002, Starr & Martz 020130-1; West Maui, Lahaina Distr, Honoköhau Valley, spreading locally from plantings made ca.