Future City 15 Maria Beatrice Andreucci Antonino Marvuglia Milen Baltov · Preben Hansen Editors Rethinking Sustainability Towards a Regenerative Economy Future City Volume 15 Series Editor Cecil C. Konijnendijk, Nature Based Solutions Institute, Barcelona, Spain Editorial Board Members Jack Ahern, Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA John Bolte, Biological & Ecological Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Richard J. Dawson, School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Patrick Devine-Wright, School of Environment and Development, Manchester School of Architecture, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Almo Farina, Institute of Biomathematics, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy Ray Green, Faculty of Architecture, Building & Planning, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Glenn R. Guntenspergen, National Resources Research Institute, US Geological Survey, Duluth, MN, USA Dagmar Haase, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany Mike Jenks, Oxford Institute of Sustainable Development, Department of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Joan Nassauer, School of Natural Resources and Environment, Landscape Ecology, Perception and Design Lab, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Stephan Pauleit, Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany Steward Pickett, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA Robert Vale, School of Architecture and Design, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand Ken Yeang, Llewelyn Davies Yeang, London, UK Makoto Yokohari, Graduate School of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Environment, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan As of 2008, for the frst time in human history, half of the world’s population now live in cities. And with concerns about issues such as climate change, energy supply and environmental health receiving increasing political attention, interest in the sustainable development of our future cities has grown dramatically. Yet despite a wealth of literature on green architecture, evidence-based design and sustainable planning, only a fraction of the current literature successfully integrates the necessary theory and practice from across the full range of relevant disciplines. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8178 Maria Beatrice Andreucci • Antonino Marvuglia Milen Baltov • Preben Hansen Editors Rethinking Sustainability Towards a Regenerative Economy Editors Maria Beatrice Andreucci Antonino Marvuglia Department of Planning, Design, Department of Environmental Research & Technology of Architecture Innovation (ERIN) Sapienza University of Rome Luxembourg Institute of Science and Rome, Italy Technology (LIST) Belvaux, Luxembourg Milen Baltov Burgas Free University Preben Hansen Burgas, Bulgaria Department of Computer and Systems Sciences/DSV Stockholm University Kista, Sweden ISSN 1876-0899 ISSN 1876-0880 (electronic) Future City ISBN 978-3-030-71818-3 ISBN 978-3-030-71819-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover illustration: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston. Renovation and expansion project by Renzo Piano Building Workshop architects in collaboration with Stantec - Burt Hill (Boston). Photo credits: Maria Beatrice Andreucci This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland We would like to dedicate this book to the thousands of researchers, practitioners and innovators across Europe and globally, who are tirelessly thinking and working to make our planet a better place, while providing colleagues and decision-makers with growing evidence of disruptive solutions towards sustainability and a regenerative economy. We would like also to thank Carlo Battisti, Ilaria Alberti and Eurac Research, for all their support and interest as the book evolved and became a reality, and express our gratitude to all the Authors for submitting their valuable work. —Maria Beatrice, Antonino, Milen & Preben Foreword Nature! We are surrounded and embraced by her: powerless to separate ourselves from her, and powerless to penetrate beyond her. Without asking, or warning, she snatches us up into her circling dance, and whirls us on until we are tired, and drop from her arms. She is ever shaping new forms: what is, has never yet been; what has been, comes not again. Everything is new, and yet nought but the old … Goethe in the frst edition of Nature 1869 RESTORE was founded on inspiration from the philosophy of the Living Building Challenge and to further explore the established restorative/regenerative thinking of writers. RESTORE has certainly been an adventurous journey over four years, a journey of Rethinking Sustainability Towards a Regenerative Economy, from initial deliberations in Faro through to an imagined future city, RESTORD 2030, a truly regenerative city that applies all the outcomes from RESTORE. RESTORE has indeed taken inspirational regenerative thinking, explored further insights, research, practice and development and added to the body of regenerative knowledge through creating important publications, papers and dissemination that will move the built environment towards a regenerative culture and economy. The initial premise of RESTORE was to affect a paradigm shift in sustainability thinking, in practice, in academia & education and importantly in members of RESTORE. That paradigm shift is evident as discussions, debates and thinking have matured in understanding the differences between sustainability, restorative and regenerative. Working Group One in Faro established the framework for following working groups, through establishing several key defnitions relating to sustainability and regenerative economics Sustainability was defned as minimising and eliminating impact, the bridging point between not doing less bad and starting to do ‘more good’. It was Yvon Chouinard, founder at Patagonia, who said that we should not use the word sustainable until we give back as much as we take. Restorative Sustainability was defned as restoring ecological and social systems back to a healthy state, and then Regenerative Sustainability as creating the conditions that enable vital social and ecological systems to thrive. vii viii Foreword In essence embracing regenerative sustainability is embracing deep change, not only for the built environment processes and buildings, but for people and for the planet. It is vital that regenerative sustainability is seen as holistic, and should not be approached in the siloed fashion business as usual sustainability has been addressed, but to recognise the complexity of ecosystems, and the role and responsibility that we and our buildings have within our highly connected planetary ecosystems. Wrapped up within social and ecological systems are the concepts of being culturally rich and economically just. It is encouraging that as I write this, following our renewed understanding of nature from Covid-19 and on social and climate justice from Black Lives Matter movement, to note that XR USA within their 4th Demand (and a 'demand' much debated in XR across Europe) calls to establish legal rights for ecosystems to thrive and regenerate in perpetuity. Where we are today, this does not seem so radical or rebellious. The strap line from RESTORE, to move towards a Regenerative Economics, necessitated an economic defnition, as ‘a product of human and societal vitality, rooted in ecological health and the inclusive development of