© 2016 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 29 (2016) 53–69 © 2016 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia A synopsis and key for the lichen genus Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae) on Kangaroo Island, with the description of two new species Gintaras Kantvilas Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Private Bag 4, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract An identification key and short diagnoses are presented for the thirty-two species of the lichen genus Caloplaca Th.Fr. recorded from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. In addition, two new saxicolous species, C. aggregata Kantvilas & S.Y.Kondr. occurring on limestone and C. sergeyana Kantvilas from siliceous rocks, are described. Key Words: biodiversity, lichens, new taxa, identification, South Australia. Introduction Meanwhile, phylogenetic studies using DNA sequence The lichen genus Caloplaca Th.Fr. is a highly pro- data indicated that the genus is heterogeneous (Gaya et minent component of the southern Australian, maritime al. 2012; Søchting & Lutzoni 2003), leading to the erec- lichen flora, especially in lower rainfall areas. It is tion of dozens of smaller, more natural genera (Arup responsible for the orange, red and yellow banding of et al. 2013; Kondratyuk et al. 2013b, 2014a, 2014b, coastal rocks, but it is also found away from the littoral 2015), many with representatives in Australia. This new zone on bark, wood, calcareous and siliceous rocks, and classification has not been without controversy, as well consolidated soil in open forest, woodland and heath- as proving unwieldy to most taxonomists working with land, as well as in areas disturbed or modified by man. traditional morphological and anatomical characters. The thallus of Caloplaca can be highly variable, ranging Consequently, it has not been generally taken up (e.g. from subfruticose to placodioid, squamulose, crustose see Gaya et al. 2015; McCarthy 2016). Furthermore, or areolate; in some species the thallus is endosub- because of its easy recognition, Caloplaca in the broad stratic and hardly evident. Nevertheless, the genus is sense is likely to continue to be applied in Australia for easily recognised, being characterised by apothecial the foreseeable future. ascomata, Teloschistes-type asci and hyaline, usually Despite the large number of species based on polaribilocular ascospores, where the two spore locules Australian types, the numerous papers on the topic, and are separated by a thick septum pierced by a central large numbers of specimens held in Australian herbaria, channel (Kantvilas & Kondratyuk 2013). In addition, identification of Australian collections has remained most species contain orange or yellowish, K+ purple problematic. Almost any detailed investigation that anthra quinone pigments in their thallus and/or apothecia. requires identification to species rank encounters in con- For decades, the identification of species of Ca- sistencies between published descriptions, desig na ted loplaca in Australia was a near-impossible task. The type specimens, herbarium reference material and the diversity of taxa was clearly very high, but published key of Kondratyuk et al. (2012). This has certainly been taxonomic accounts, almost invariably based on Northern Hemisphere floras, clearly did not include this author’s experience in the course of compiling a many, if any, of the species present. It has been only catalogue of Kangaroo Island lichens, where Caloplaca in the last two decades that the diversity of Australian has been one of the largest genera encountered. Thirty- Caloplaca species has been elucidated, almost entirely two species have been recorded for the island, but their through the efforts of the Ukrainian lichenologist, identification has been a major challenge. In this paper, Sergey Kondratyuk. Together with several collaborators I summarise the results of my attempts to resolve the (chiefly Ingvar Kärnefelt, Sweden), Kondratyuk de- Kangaroo Island Caloplaca flora through extensive scribed more than 75 species based on Australian fieldwork and collecting, study of my own collections, types (Kantvilas & Kondratyuk 2013; Kärnefelt & type specimens, herbarium reference material and the Kondratyuk 2004; Kondratyuk et al. 2007a, 2007b, literature. The paper offers a synopsis of the taxa based 2009a, 2009b, 2010, 2011, 2013a; Lumbsch et al. 2011), on their salient features, as well as an identification with this work culminating in a key to the more than 120 key. Two further new species, one of which honours the species recorded for Australia (Kondratyuk et al. 2012). work of Sergey Kondratyuk, are also described. Published online: 15 Aug. 2016 • flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 53 ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) • ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) G. Kantvilas J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 29 (2016) Material and methods Specimens. The study is based principally on the collections of Caloplaca from Kangaroo Island, com- piled by the author between 2008 and 2015 and housed in the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), supplemented by specimens from other collectors. Other critical resources employed include an extensive comparison with type material (held in various herbaria as cited), reference herbarium specimens, published accounts of species, and correspondence and duplicate specimen exchange with Dr S. Kondratyuk, the architect of current Austra- lian Caloplaca taxonomy, in Kiev. The importance of study of type specimens cannot be overestimated in this instance. The recent history of Caloplaca studies in Australia has been a chequered one. There are large holdings of specimens in Australian Fig. 1. Caloplaca aggregata (holotype) habit; note the tightly clustered herbaria, especially CANB, HO and MEL, which apothecia. Scale = 1 mm. were studied and annotated by Kondratyuk. However, these annotations often represent snapshots in time as inner or “proper” one lacking algal cells, and the species concepts for Australian taxa evolved. Hence outer one with algal cells there may be inconsistencies in the names that have • presence of oil droplets in the hymenium and/or been employed, and the taxa they have been applied in the tissue immediately below (termed the sub- to. Likewise, there are inconsistencies between some hymenium) published descriptions and the specimens cited in their • structure of the paraphyses, particularly the pre- compilation. sence of oil vacuoles in the filaments proper or in the apical cells Methodology. Observations of specimens were con duct- • dimensions of ascospores and the ascospore sep- ed in the field and, subsequently, in the laboratory using tum, based on 25–50 observations. low-power and high-power microscopy. Thin sections of the apothecia, cut by hand for the observation of Thallus chemistry is important where xanthones apothecial structure and anatomy, were examined in a or depsides may be present in addition to other, more typical “Caloplaca substances” such as parietin. These range of mounting media, including water, 10% KOH additional metabolites are noted, but the other com- (K) and lactophenol cotton blue (LCB). It is generally pounds are not, as their identification requires specialist acknowledged that Caloplaca ascospores may swell, skills. They are rarely critical in delineating taxa depending on the mounting medium. Because spore studied, although they tend to support morphological and septum dimensions are critical in the delineation of and anatomical characters. taxa, all measurements were undertaken exclusively in sections hydrated in water and then mounted in LCB. Presentation of data. Although in some cases, large Likewise, observations of paraphyses and oil vacuoles numbers of specimens of various provenance have been were undertaken in LCB. That all measurements are examined, I have limited the descriptive data presented standardised in this way is critical, because unless the solely to Kangaroo Island specimens. Significant de- mounting medium is specifically stated, ascospores di- viations from the type collection are noted where mensions cannot be compared with confidence. appropriate. Whereas all available collections were studied anatomically and morphologically, only a se- Characters in Caloplaca. Most recently described Aus- lection of these (up to a maximum of three per taxon) tralian taxa are accompanied by extensive morphological is cited; a complete list of Kangaroo Island specimens and anatomical descriptions (see the numerous papers of Caloplaca (and other genera) will be given in a by Kondratyuk as listed in the bibliography). I have later publication. Descriptions are condensed along the distilled my own observations down to a limited number lines given above and measurements are presented as a of salient features that, in my opinion, adequately simple range. Only in the case of the new taxa are more delimit the taxa: comprehensive descriptions provided, and ascospore • morphology and colour of the thallus, including dimensions, based on 50 observations, are presented in presence of vegetative diaspores the format: 5th percentile–average–95th percentile, with • insertion of the apothecia (viz. immersed, adnate, outlying values in brackets. The published protologues basally constricted etc.) and their colour of species sometimes indicate that type specimens are • the apothecial margin (biatorine, zeorine or lecano- present in certain herbaria where they could not to be rine), observed in thin section; zeorine is applied