KERALA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT (KSWMP) INTRODUCTION AND STRATEGIC ENVIROMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WASTE Public Disclosure Authorized MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN KERALA VOLUME I JUNE 2020 Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by SUCHITWA MISSION Public Disclosure Authorized GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Contents 1 This is the STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN KERALA AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK for the KERALA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT (KSWMP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. This is hereby disclosed for comments/suggestions of the public/stakeholders. Send your comments/suggestions to SUCHITWA MISSION, Swaraj Bhavan, Base Floor (-1), Nanthancodu, Kowdiar, Thiruvananthapuram-695003, Kerala, India or email: [email protected] Contents 2 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT .................................................. 1 1.1 Program Description ................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Proposed Project Components ..................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Environmental Characteristics of the Project Location............................... 2 1.2 Need for an Environmental Management Framework ........................... 3 1.3 Overview of the Environmental Assessment and Framework ............. 3 1.3.1 Purpose of the SEA and ESMF ...................................................................... 3 1.3.2 The ESMF process ......................................................................................... 5 1.3.3 Revision/Modification of the ESMF ............................................................... 5 1.3.4 Structure of the Report .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KERALA REGION ..... 8 2.1 Geographic Location ................................................................................ 8 2.2 Demographics ........................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Population Profile and Decadal Growth Rate ............................................... 9 2.2.2 Trends In Rural and Urban Classification of Population in Kerala ............. 9 2.2.3 Child Population (0-6 Age Group) ................................................................. 9 2.2.4 Sex Ratio (Females Per 1000 Males) ........................................................... 10 2.2.5 Literacy ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.6 Density of Population .................................................................................. 11 2.2.7 Ethnicity ........................................................................................................ 11 2.3 Population Distribution ........................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Administrative Divisions.............................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Urbanization and Urban Agglomerations ................................................... 13 2.4 Physical Characteristics ......................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Physiography and Terrain ........................................................................... 14 2.4.2 Climate .......................................................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Geology and Soils ........................................................................................ 17 2.4.4 Land use and Landcover ............................................................................. 22 2.4.5 Hydrology and Rivers .................................................................................. 23 2.4.6 Groundwater Scenario ................................................................................. 27 2.4.7 Extreme Events ............................................................................................ 28 SEA for KSWMP, 2020. Contents 3 2.4.7.1 Landslides ................................................................................................................. 29 2.4.7.2 Flooding ..................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.8 Sensitive Ecosystems .................................................................................. 30 2.4.8.1 Protected Areas notified under Wildlife Conservation Act, 1972 ........................ 30 2.4.8.2 Ramsar Sites ............................................................................................................. 31 2.4.8.3 Mangroves ................................................................................................................. 33 2.4.8.4 Western Ghat: Biodiversity Hotspot, UNESCO World Heritage Site, and Proposed Eco-sensitive Area .................................................................................................... 35 2.4.9 Forest Cover ................................................................................................. 37 2.5 Infrastructure and Services .................................................................... 38 2.5.1 Transportation .............................................................................................. 38 2.5.2 Water supply................................................................................................. 39 2.5.3 Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 39 2.5.4 Solid Waste Management (Including Marine Plastics)............................... 40 2.5.4.1 Waste Quantification ................................................................................................ 40 2.5.4.2 Waste Generation Projections for Different Geographical Regions .................... 41 2.5.4.3 Segregation at Source .............................................................................................. 41 2.5.4.4 Segregation Categories ............................................................................................ 41 2.5.4.5 Management of Biodegradable waste..................................................................... 42 2.5.4.6 Management of Recyclable Wastes at the Household level ................................. 42 2.5.4.7 Management of Non-biodegradable (NBDW) Non - recyclable Wastes at Household level ......................................................................................................... 43 2.5.4.8 Marine Plastics in Kerala .......................................................................................... 43 2.5.4.9 Common Centralized Treatment and Disposal Facilities...................................... 45 2.5.5 Biomedical Waste Management .................................................................. 45 2.5.5.1 Biomedical Wastes in Kerala ................................................................................... 45 2.5.5.2 Existing Biomedical Waste Management System in Kerala ................................. 46 2.5.5.3 Other Proposals ........................................................................................................ 47 2.5.6 E-Waste Management .................................................................................. 48 2.5.7 Hazardous Waste Management ................................................................... 49 2.5.8 Pollution of Rivers, Forests and Sensitive Areas ...................................... 50 2.6 Economic Activities ................................................................................ 52 2.6.1 Employment.................................................................................................. 52 2.6.2 Agriculture .................................................................................................... 53 2.6.3 Fisheries ....................................................................................................... 53 2.6.4 Tourism and recreation ............................................................................... 55 2.6.5 Industries ...................................................................................................... 56 2.7 Institutional Baseline .............................................................................. 58 SEA for KSWMP, 2020. Contents 4 2.7.1 Local Self Government Department (LSGD) and other State Departments 58 2.7.2 Urban Local Bodies ...................................................................................... 59 2.7.3 District Planning Committee ....................................................................... 62 2.7.4 Suchitwa Mission ......................................................................................... 64 2.7.5 Haritha Keralam Mission.............................................................................. 64 2.7.6 Clean Kerala Company Limited (CKCL) ...................................................... 65 2.7.7 State Disaster Management Authority ........................................................ 65 2.7.8 Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) .......................................... 66 2.7.9 Department of Environment, Forests and Climate Change ....................... 68 CHAPTER 3. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 70 3.1 Environmental Laws / Regulations Applicable for KSWMP