land Changing Land Use, Changing Livelihoods Edited by Claudia A. Radel and Jacqueline M. Vadjunec Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Land www.mdpi.com/journal/land Changing Land Use, Changing Livelihoods Special Issue Editors Claudia A. Radel Jacqueline M. Vadjunec Special Issue Editors Claudia A. Radel Jacqueline M. Vadjunec Utah State University Oklahoma State University USA USA Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Land (ISSN 2073-445X) from 2015–2016 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special_issues/landuse_livelihoods). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Author 1; Author 2; Author 3 etc. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number/page range. ISBN 978-3-03842-342-3 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-343-0 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2017 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Guest Editors ............................................................................................................................ v Preface to “Changing Land Use, Changing Livelihoods” ..................................................................... vii Jacqueline M. Vadjunec, Claudia Radel and B. L. Turner II Introduction: The Continued Importance of Smallholders Today Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(4), 34; doi: 10.3390/land5040034 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/4/34 ................................................................................................ 1 Section 1: Smallholder Practices and Environmental Sustainability Thomas K. Rudel, Oh-Jung Kwon, Birthe K. Paul, Maryline Boval, Idupulapati M. Rao, Diana Burbano, Megan McGroddy, Amy M. Lerner, Douglas White, Mario Cuchillo, Manuel Luna and Michael Peters Do Smallholder, Mixed Crop-Livestock Livelihoods Encourage Sustainable Agricultural Practices? A Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(1), 6; doi: 10.3390/land5010006 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/1/6 .................................................................................................. 15 Karl S. Zimmerer and Steven J. Vanek Toward the Integrated Framework Analysis of Linkages among Agrobiodiversity, Livelihood Diversification, Ecological Systems, and Sustainability amid Global Change Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(2), 10; doi: 10.3390/land5020010 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/2/10 ................................................................................................ 28 Daniel Etongo, Ida Nadia S. Djenontin and Markku Kanninen Poverty and Environmental Degradation in Southern Burkina Faso: An Assessment Based on Participatory Methods Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(3), 20; doi: 10.3390/land5030020 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/3/20 ................................................................................................ 55 Section 2: Dynamic Smallholder Livelihoods Ritaumaria Pereira, Cynthia S. Simmons and Robert Walker Smallholders, Agrarian Reform, and Globalization in the Brazilian Amazon: Cattle versus the Environment Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(3), 24; doi: 10.3390/land5030024 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/3/24 ................................................................................................ 81 Sarah Turner and Thi-Thanh-Hiên Pham “Nothing Is Like It Was Before”: The Dynamics between Land-Use and Land-Cover, and Livelihood Strategies in the Northern Vietnam Borderlands Reprinted from: Land 2015, 4(4), 1030–1059; doi: 10.3390/land4041030 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/4/4/1030 ............................................................................................ 96 iii William J. McConnell, Andrés Viña, Christian Kull and Clayton Batko Forest Transition in Madagascar’s Highlands: Initial Evidence and Implications Reprinted from: Land 2015, 4(4), 1155–1181; doi: 10.3390/land4041155 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/4/4/1155 ............................................................................................ 122 Section 3: Smallholder Vulnerability and Adaptation William G. Moseley Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(3), 21; doi: 10.3390/land5030021 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/3/21 ................................................................................................ 147 Brian King, Jamie E. Shinn, Kelley A. Crews and Kenneth R. Young Fluid Waters and Rigid Livelihoods in the Okavango Delta of Botswana Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(2), 16; doi: 10.3390/land5020016 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/2/16 ................................................................................................ 161 Sheona Shackleton and Marty Luckert Changing Livelihoods and Landscapes in the Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: Past Influences and Future Trajectories Reprinted from: Land 2015, 4(4), 1060–1089; doi: 10.3390/land4041060 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/4/4/1060 ............................................................................................ 175 Section 4: Beyond Smallholders Christian Brannstrom, Mary Tilton, Andrew Klein and Wendy Jepson Spatial Distribution of Estimated Wind-Power Royalties in West Texas Reprinted from: Land 2015, 4(4), 1182–1199; doi: 10.3390/land4041182 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/4/4/1182 ............................................................................................ 203 Ward Anseeuw, Thomas Jayne, Richard Kachule and John Kotsopoulos The Quiet Rise of Medium-Scale Farms in Malawi Reprinted from: Land 2016, 5(3), 19; doi: 10.3390/land5030019 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/5/3/19 ................................................................................................ 218 iv About the Guest Editors Claudia Radel is an Associate Professor of Human Geography in the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University. Her research explores the changing nature of natural resource-based livelihood strategies for individuals, households, and communities in the rural Global South, especially in Mexico and Central America. She is interested particularly in how gender ideologies and practices relate to livelihood strategies and land-use/environmental change. Her research also examines the gendered nature of resource access, control, and decision making in smallholder farming systems. Prior to receiving her PhD in Geography from Clark University, Dr. Radel worked as a community development consultant in Colombia. She holds a Master's in Public Affairs from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, where she studied international development. She received her Bachelor's degree from Brown University, with dual concentration in Environmental Studies and Comparative Development Studies. Jacqueline M. Vadjunec is an Associate Professor of Geography at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. Her research explores issues surrounding agriculture, land use, and livelihoods in the Americas. She is especially interested in using mixed methods and participatory approaches for studying the impact of governance on both livelihoods and land-use land-cover change (LULCC). Jacqueline received her PhD and MA in Geography from Clark University, and her BA in both Geography and English from Bucknell University. v Preface to “Changing Land Use, Changing Livelihoods” The papers in this volume were inspired by lively discussions regarding relationships between smallholder livelihoods and land-use land-cover change (LULCC) at the Land System Science Symposium (LSSS) at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) in Chicago (2015). Those engaging discussions at the LSSS, along with our own research interests at the time, led naturally to the development of a Special Issue on the place of smallholders today, their changing land use and changing livelihoods. This edited volume has benefited from our own related research (and vice versa) funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) research grants (1266381 and 1056811). The editors thank Andrew Millington, the Academic Editor-in-Chief of Land, for his patience and support during this long process. We also thank Elvis Wang, the Managing Editor for Land, as well as the other countless very helpful support staff at MDPI. We are grateful for the collegiality of the contributors, as well as the many helpful reviewers, whose comments greatly improved the quality of the Special Issue. B.L. Turner II was especially helpful at various stages along the way. Lastly, we thank smallholders and farmers everywhere for sharing their time and knowledge with us. Without their generosity and support there would be no Special Issue. We hope in these pages you will see the continued importance of smallholders today to human–environment studies and to the wellbeing of humans and their land systems. Claudia A. Radel and Jacqueline M. Vadjunec Guest Editors vii land Editorial Introduction: The Continued