Index Page numbers in italic denote Figures. Page numbers in bold denote Tables. Aalenian Stage, GSSP 45 Astronomically Tuned Neogene Time absolute geological time (AGT) 223 Scale 50, 55 accommodation 11 autogenic processes, overprinting 29 generation average spectral misfit (ASM) method 179 and sedimentation rate 16,20–21 Milankovitch cycles 55 apparent anomalies 23–24 averaging, in sediment flux data 69–70 and preservation 16,25–30 avulsion, channel belt variation, and sedimentary hierarchies 123–124 preservation 27, 28 accretion, lateral 30 sedimentation rate 16,20 accumulation modelling, carbonate platforms 126, 127–147 Baja California forearc basin, accumulation rate 5, 12, 13, 70 sedimentation rate 21 Coal Measures 285, 291–293, 297–298 Bajocian Stage empirical measurements 73–76 ammonite biozones 47 fractal-like character 21–23 GSSP 45 lateral 25, 26 Banda Arc, sedimentation rate 21 shelf facies 271 Bartonian Stage, GSSP 43 Pentamerus Beds 277 base level, and sedimentation 25, 108 Ribband Group 280–281 oscillation 11, 12,31 timescale dependence 70–71, 76, 84 Bashkirian Stage actualism 31 boundary, Arrow Canyon, Nevada 40 Aeronian Stage GSSP 46 GSSP 46 basins, convergent margin, preservation 29 Pentamerus Beds 272, 277 sedimentation rate 16,21 age constraints, independent 179 Bathonian Stage, GSSP 45 aggradation 25, 26, 71–73 Bay of Fundy, sedimentation rate 17 channel 27 Beacon Limestone 201, 202–203 inverse dependence on averaging 27, 69 bedding 252 timescale dependence 76, 81, 83–84 Bengal submarine fan Ain el Beida section, cyclicity 174, 175, 176, 177, 178 LTI plot 94, 95, 97,99 Albian-Recent red clays, LTI plots 94, 95, 97 sedimentation rate 18 All Returns (AR) analysis, layering stasis 112 relationships 90–91, 98 Bermuda Rise, Albian-Recent red clays, alluvial fans LTI plots 94, 95, 97 preservation 27, 28 bias sedimentation rate 19 marginal marine successions 168 amino-acid racemization 20 sedimentation rates 113–114, 115 ammonite biozones 47 Bighorn Basin, Milankovitch cycles 168 Antarctic, ice core record 159 Bijou Creek, Colorado, sedimentation rate 17 aphotic carbonate producers 129 bioevents 46 Appearance Event Ordination (AEO) 61 uncertainties 47–48 Aquitainian Stage, GSSP 44 biohorizons 46–47 40Ar/39Ar dating 49, 179, 180–181 biostratigraphy Archean Eon, GSSA 44 diachronism 48 Arrow Canyon, Nevada, Bashkirian Stage boundary 40 facies correlation 49 Asselian Stage, GSSP 46 FAD and LAD uncertainty 47–48 astrochronological polarity time scale (APTS) 56 and GSSPs 39, 43,46–49 astrochronology 39, 52–57, 158, 159 bioturbation, mud, and erosion 257, 261 problems 57 biozones 47 astronomical cycles, long-term stability 183, 185 boundaries, FAD and LAD uncertainty 47–48 astronomical forcing see orbital forcing Bjala section, cycles 160 Astronomical Time Scale Blackhawk Formation, carbon accumulation 309 intercalibration with radio-isotopic Blake Plateau, LTI plots 97 and FC time 180–181 Book Cliffs, sedimentation rate 21 Phanerozoic 54,56–57 Bowland Shales, LTI plots 93, 95, 97,99 astronomical tuning 55, 178 brachiopods, Pentamerus Beds 274, 275, 276–277 K-Pg boundary 181 Branscombe Formation, LTI plots 96 radio-isotope dating constraints 181 Breanoge Formation 278, 281 318 INDEX Bridge Creek Limestone 180 GSSPs 41, 43, 44 Bridport Sand Formation planktonic foraminifera zones 47 basin-scale architecture 207, 209, 211 Central Limestone Quarry, Illinois calcite cement 206, 207, 208, 211–216, 217, 218–219 palaeokarst 239–240, 241 clinoforms 7, 202–203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210 fossils 239–240, 243 depositional model 202–207 sediments 239, 241, 246 geology 200–201 Changhsingian Stage, GSSP 46 reservoir-scale architecture 211–219 channel switching 27, 28 impact on oil recovery 216–219 channel systems 111 sedimentology 203, 205–207 preservation 26–27, 28 seismic geomorphology 202–203, 204, 205 chaos theory, stratigraphic record 167 time-stratigraphic relationships 7, 199–220 Chattanooga Shale 257 Brockham-1 well, LTI plots 92, 96, 97 Chattian Stage, GSSP 39, 43 Brownian Motion, synthetic fractional, LTI plots 94 Chinji Formation, sedimentation rate 20 buffer zone, fluvial system preservation 25, 27 chronostratigraphy 3, 4, 38–41 boundaries 38, 39–40 Cabo Carvoeiro Formation 262 units 38–39 Calabrian Stage, GSSPs 43, 44 chrons, geomagnetic 50–51 calcite cement, Bridport Sand Formation 206, 207, 208, Cladoceramus unduloplicatus FO 40 211–216, 217, 218–219 clastic wedges Callovian Stage, ammonite biozones 47 preservation 27–28 Cambrian System, GSSP 40, 41 sedimentation rate 16,21 Cantor bars 21–22, 166 Cleveland Group, LTI plots 93, 96 Capitanian Stage, GSSP 46 Cleveland Ironstone Formation 260 Capo Rossello Composite section 160, 161, 168, 170, Cleviceras exaratum ammonite subzone, Jet 171–175, 178, 186 Rock shale 262, 263–264 carbon accumulation climate forcing 25, 53, 285, 293 coal seams 8, 306, 307, 308, 309 climate modelling 182–183, 184 coalification 303, 305–306, 307 CLIMBER-2 coupled model 183, 187 peat 303–312 clinoforms global patterns 304–305, 311 Bridport Sand Formation 202–203, 204, hiatuses 309, 310 205, 206, 209, 210, 218 palaeoclimate 304–305 progradation 16,71 carbon isotope excursions 51–52, 262, 263–264 coal 288, 289 Santonian Stage 40 compaction 287, 296 Toarcian 262, 263–265 Ti concentration 306–308, 310, 312 Carbonate Compensation Depth 167 coal balls 284, 287 Eocene 160 Coal Measures carbonates see platform carbonates Britain 8, 283–298 Carboniferous System accumulation rate 285, 291–293, 297–298 GSSPs 46 climate controls 293 restudy and redefinition 41 gaps 8, 292–293 Mid, eustatic event 239 LTI plots 93, 96 Milankovitch cycles 166, 180 coal seams Upper, palaeokarst sites 239–241 carbon accumulation 306, 307, 308, 309 see also Pennsylvanian sedimentation rate 16,19 Carnian Stage, GSSP 45 coalification 303 Cascante continental section 161, 163 mass loss 305–306, 307 Castile Formation, Milankovitch cycles 166, 168 Colorado River valley, sedimentation rate 18 Castlegate sandstone, sedimentation rate 21 compaction, coal:peat 287, 289, 296, 303 Catskill delta, sedimentation rate 21 compensational stacking 28 caves completeness dating 235–236 stratigraphic 12, 57–59, 133, 135, 166 ecosystems 236–237 and stasis 121 formation 234 complex amplitude demodulation 178 fossil records 237, 238 Coniacian Stage, cyclostratigraphy 165 sediments 233, 241, 242, 244, 245 conodonts, FO/LO 47 Ceara Rise, Neogene cycles 160, 168 Constrained Optimization (CONOP) 4, 48, 54,59–60 Cenomanian Stage continental margins, preservation 30 cyclostratigraphy 165 continental shelf sediments 260–261 GSSP 45 currents 261 Cenomanian-Turonian boundary 55 continuity, and completeness 3 Cenozoic Era coquinas, Pentamerus Beds 274–275 Astronomical Time Scale 168 corrasion 257 INDEX 319 correlation 30 diachronism, biostratigraphy 48 biostratigraphic 46–49 diastems 108, 252–253 and definition 38, 39 diatoms graphic 59–60 diachronism 48 cratonic basins FO/LO and FAD/LAD 47, 48 preservation 29 disconformities 14, 252–253 sedimentation rate 16, 20, 21 and stage boundaries 40 cratons discontinuities 14, 15,17 preservation 30 dolines 240, 243, 244 sedimentation rate 16,21 Donets Basin 166, 180 Cretaceous System Down Cliff Clay Member 200, 201, 202 biozones 47 clinoforms 202–203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210 cyclostratigraphy 165 Drumian Stage, GSSP 46 GSSPs 45 Duckmantian, Coal Measures crevasse splays, preservation 27 accumulation 292 criticality, self-organized 101–102 thickness 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295–298 cryptic sequence boundaries 28 dunes, preservation 26 Cumbria Coalfield 286 see also sand wave migration Coal Measures thickness 288, 289, 290, 291, 294–298 Durham Coalfield 286 cyclicity, platform carbonates 5–6, 123–148 Coal Measures thickness 288, 289, 290, 291, 294–298 accumulation modelling 126, 127–131, dust, atmospheric, Holocene 306–307 142, 144, 146–147 comparison with outcrops 138–142 Easton-1 borehole, LTI plots 96, 99, 100 results 131–138 eccentricity cycles 53, 55, 56, 57, 164, 165, 166, 171 sea-level change 123, 125 change over time 185 cyclostratigraphy 6–7, 29, 158–187 and magnetostratigraphy 56 spectra 169, 171, 173–179 eddies, deep marine currents 261 astronomical tuning 169 Ediacaran, GSSPs and boundaries 42, 44 hypothesis testing 169 Eifelian Stage, GSSP 46 rectification and distortion 169, 171 El Nin˜o 168 spectral analysis, data filtering 151–156 ellipticity, change over time 183, 185 cyclothems 19–20 Emsian Stage, GSSP 46 Coal Measures 283 Eoarchean Era, GSSA 44 tectonic 27–28 Eocene Carbonate Compensation Depth 160 Danian Stage, GSSP 43, 44,61 Green River Basin 164, 168, 180, 181 Danian-Selandian transition 160 Eocene Thermal Maximum 160 Dapingian Stage, GSSP 46 eon 38 Darriwillian Stage, GSSP 46 epoch 38 data filtering 151–156 equilibrium, sedimentation systems 107–108 Declinognathus noduliferus s.l. FO 40 era 38 deep marine sequences Eraclea Minoa, Sicily, Zanclean Stage bottom currents 261 boundary 40, 170 Milankovitch cycles 167 erathem 38 non-deposition 261–262 erosion delta lobes modern marine environments 258–261, 263 preservation 27, 28 mud 253–258 sedimentation rate 16, 18–19, 20 erosion rates 73, 76–78 denudation rate 70 see also denudation rate empirical measurements 73–76 Escanilla Formation, sedimentation rate 20 estimated by sediment yield 78–80 euphotic carbonate producers 128, 129 timescale dependence 70–71, 84 see also erosion rates Famennian Stage, GSSP 46 depositional systems, discontinuities 14, 15 faults, sedimentation rate 16,21 Derbyshire Coalfield 286 Fire Clay Coal, carbon accumulation 309 Coal Measures