Volume 37 January 197Q Number 1 vV .'•-' =W\ PROCEEDINGS The Helnvinthologieal Society :-\ r L ',' %*sj:'rf 'i • ' •< -••' ''V ; ^ 'v::'"'' ')'•.vX'V ' v'' of A semiannual /ourna/ of research devoted to He/m/nffiology and all branches of Parasitology in part by thier Brayton H. Rpnsoni Memorial Trust Fund' ;/ • , >•' f\v'. {/- -'. ';• ^ •\.'1 -• •- •. \"" •• . '. '., Subscription $9.00 a (Volume; iFbreigri, $9.50 CONTENTS ALUSON, 'R., AND W. A. ROGERS. Monogenetic Treinatodes of Sorne> Freshwater Fishes with Descriptions of Four Ney<Species. and Redescrip- :tions of TEwp Specie^] _.__,L.i._^^. __ ..__..__ ____ :_.-_-=^',x,_:,;L_ ___ !......_..:_...-iJ_..,,- . K. ^Two New .Species of Strigeid Metacercariae froiri an Indian Fresh Water Fish, Xenentodon concilia (Hani.) ^_.^.:— _.._^_.^_.. 5- N. A,, A>iD J. M. SMITH. The Sensitivity and Responses of RJidbditis , ' sp. Jo Peripheral Mechanical Stirnulation V,-^ . i .....;r r : ~rl : ^_^_ __ .J.L- -.1' DORAN, DAVID J. \ tetieUa: From Sporozoites io O^cysts in CfeU .. •" S Culture "-_:-——- ____ i ____ ^-.-_~------^-^4i-^-^-4----------^-i-^---f^------^---r-/ui-. c '84 DORAN^DAVID p, ; :Suryiyaivand Beyelopment .of Eimeria adenoeides in Cell , / , Gultures 'Inoculated )with Sporozoites : from ''"Cleaned and Uncleaned . \ ' Suspensions __v)__ __ ''.•'.•- ' ..•'.. __ • i ; •,_;/• _ . __ ^ ___£: > _______ ...._. ___ .L' '"yt$' DYER, i WILLIAM ;ijG. iHehninths' of the v Striped Skunk, Mephitis i rnefphitisi } , Schreb6r, in North' Dakota j. 92 (Continued on Back Qover) Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington :•'*'•" HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON l4 f £& ^ M>. -. • -,'•''• --^'. >•/• •/' -":• •". 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WEINSTEIN Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington JANUARY 1970 NUMBER 1 The Sensitivity and Responses of Rhabditis sp. to Peripheral Mechanical Stimulation* N. A. CROLL AND J. M. SMITH Department Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College, University of London ABSTRACT: The loeomotory response of Rhabditis sp. to mechanical stimulation has been described. A technique for quantitating the intensity of the stimulus is outlined and the results of varying the stimulation are given. All stages of Rhabditis respond to mechanical stimulation, the direction of the response varying with the location of the stimulus. The whole sense shows adaptation, probably not at the sensory level, and the response is superimposed on the endogenous pacemaker system of the nematode. We interpret the reaction as an escape mechanism from predation, the mechanical threshold of the response approximating to that of contact with mites and predatory nematodes. Tactile or mechanical stimuli must provide a Materials and Methods significant part of the sensory information re- Rhabditis sp. were originally isolated from quired by nematodes in their movement, hatch- leaf litter, in Ascot, Berkshire, U.K. They were ing, feeding, mating and for many forms, their cultured on 3-5% water agar; at lower con- penetration into and migrations within hosts. centrations excessive migration into the agar The behavioral or physiological basis of the occurred, a hazard for the experiments. The mechano-sensitivity in nematodes has, however, nematodes carried sufficient bacteria when never been investigated (Lee, 1965). The subcultured to support their growth and re- setae and bristles of marine nematodes have production. All stages responded to mechani- been described as possible mechanoreceptors cal stimulation, nevertheless adults gave the (Maggenti, 1964) and a peripheral nerve net most reliable results, because of their greater has been demonstrated in Deontostoma cali- size, and so were preferentially selected. fornicum connecting the somatic setae (Croll Mechanical stimulation of the nematodes by and Maggenti, 1968). Inglis (1963), using the a consistent and measurable force was achieved light microscope, observed 'campaniform-type by using the apparatus figured (Fig. 1). receptors' in marine Cyatholaimiclae, but this Stimulation was observed through a binocular has been questioned by Wright and Hope microscope, and effected by dropping a pin, (1968), the latter authors using electron of known weight (5.0 mg), down a directed micrographs. glass capillary at 85° to the horizontal. The Doubtless some of the tactile responses in capillary was marked in millimetres, and an the biological events listed above are the result electromagnetic coil was moved up and down of a complicated integration of senses, applying the capillary, permitting the pin to be released only to certain stages of nematodes. For these from a series of measured heights. The coil reasons we selected a simple, recognizable re- was wired to a 6 volt dry cell, and included sponse: the short-lived loeomotory response of resistances (totalling 8.9 ohms) to prevent Rhabditis, elicited by local mechanical stimula- overheating of the coil. A switch was included tion. to release the pin by breaking the current, and for drawing the pin back. This design allowed * This work was supported in part by a Royal Society Krant providing a 16 mm cine camera. immobile individuals to be found on the agar Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington PROCEEDINGS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figure 1. The design for stimulating nematodes, in a known region with a known kinetic force. A marked capillary was moved using the micromanip- ulator, and the electromagnetic coil was moved along the capillary, the switch released the pin oesoph (see text for further details). Figure 2. The relative response, forwards (+) or backwards (—), when different parts of Rhab- ditis were given a uniform stimulus. Each worm cultures, the capillary to be aimed, and the was immobile, having not been previously stimu- pin released. Only stationary nematodes were lated. used, and when the stimulated worms were activated to move continuously they were disregarded, this occurred in 3% of cases. The Results distance fallen was used to calculate the ve- All the nematodes responded when stimu- locity in cm/sec., and expressed