Chapter 4: Fugitive Emissions CHAPTER 4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 4.1 Volume 2: Energy Authors Coal Mining John N. Carras (Australia) Pamela M. Franklin (USA), Yuhong Hu (China), A. K. Singh (India), and Oleg V. Tailakov (Russian Federation) Oil and natural gas David Picard (Canada) Azhari F. M. Ahmed (Qatar), Eilev Gjerald (Norway), Susann Nordrum (USA), and Irina Yesserkepova (Kazakhstan) 4.2 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter 4: Fugitive Emissions Contents 4 Fugitive Emissions 4.1 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage and transportation of coal..................................4.6 4.1.1 Overview and description of sources.............................................................................................4.6 4.1.1.1 Coal mining and handling........................................................................................................4.6 4.1.1.2 Summary of sources .................................................................................................................4.8 4.1.2 Methodological issues ...................................................................................................................4.9 4.1.3 Underground coal mines................................................................................................................4.9 4.1.3.1 Choice of method...................................................................................................................4.10 4.1.3.2 Choice of emission factors for underground mines ...............................................................4.11 4.1.3.3 Choice of activity data ...........................................................................................................4.14 4.1.3.4 Completeness for underground coal mines............................................................................4.14 4.1.3.5 Developing a consistent time series.......................................................................................4.14 4.1.3.6 Uncertainty assessment..........................................................................................................4.15 4.1.4 Surface coal mining.....................................................................................................................4.17 4.1.4.1 Choice of method...................................................................................................................4.17 4.1.4.2 Emission factors for surface mining ......................................................................................4.18 4.1.4.3 Activity data...........................................................................................................................4.19 4.1.4.4 Completeness for surface mining...........................................................................................4.19 4.1.4.5 Developing a consistent time series.......................................................................................4.19 4.1.4.6 Uncertainty assessment in emissions .....................................................................................4.20 4.1.5 Abandoned underground coal mines ...........................................................................................4.20 4.1.5.1 Choice of method...................................................................................................................4.20 4.1.5.2 Choice of emission factors.....................................................................................................4.23 4.1.5.3 Choice of activity data ...........................................................................................................4.28 4.1.5.4 Completeness.........................................................................................................................4.28 4.1.5.5 Developing a consistent time series.......................................................................................4.28 4.1.5.6 Uncertainty assessment..........................................................................................................4.29 4.1.6 Completeness for coal mining.....................................................................................................4.30 4.1.7 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).............................................................4.30 4.1.7.1 Quality control and documentation........................................................................................4.30 4.1.7.2 Reporting and Documentation ...............................................................................................4.31 4.2 Fugitive Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Systems ......................................................................4.32 4.2.1 Overview, description of sources ................................................................................................4.32 4.2.2 Methodological issues .................................................................................................................4.35 4.2.2.1 Choice of method, decision trees, tiers...................................................................................4.36 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 4.3 Volume 2: Energy 4.2.2.2 Choice of method ...................................................................................................................4.41 4.2.2.3 Choice of emission factor.......................................................................................................4.46 4.2.2.4 Choice of activity data............................................................................................................4.65 4.2.2.5 Completeness..........................................................................................................................4.70 4.2.2.6 Developing consistent time series ..........................................................................................4.71 4.2.2.7 Uncertainty assessment ..........................................................................................................4.72 4.2.3 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)............................................................ 4.73 4.2.4 Reporting and Documentation.................................................................................................... 4.74 References .....................................................................................................................................................4.77 Equations Equation 4.1.1 Estimating emissions from underground coal mines for Tier 1 and Tier 2 without adjustment for methane utilisation or flaring ..........................................4.9 Equation 4.1.2 Estimating emissions from underground coal mines for Tier 1 and Tier 2 with adjustment for methane utilisation or flaring ............................4.10 Equation 4.1.3 Tier 1: global average method – underground mining – before adjustment for any methane utilisation or flaring...............................................................4.11 Equation 4.1.4 Tier 1: global average method – post-mining emissions – underground mines...................4.12 Equation 4.1.5 Emissions of CO2 and CH4 from drained methane flared or catalytically oxidised.............4.13 Equation 4.1.6 General equation for estimating fugitive emissions from surface coal mining....................4.17 Equation 4.1.7 Tier 1: global average method – surface mines ...................................................................4.18 Equation 4.1.8 Tier 1: global average method – post-mining emissions – surface mines ...........................4.19 Equation 4.1.9 General equation for estimating fugitive emissions from abandoned underground coal mines.......................................................................................................4.20 Equation 4.1.10 Tier 1 approach for abandoned underground mines ............................................................4.21 Equation 4.1.11 Tier 2 approach for abandoned underground mines without methane recovery and utilization .......................................................................................................4.26 Equation 4.1.12 Tier 2 – abandoned underground coal mines emission factor .............................................4.27 Equation 4.1.13 Example of Tier 3 emissions calculation – abandoned underground mines........................4.27 Equation 4.2.1 Tier 1: estimating fugitive emissions from an industry segment.........................................4.41 Equation 4.2.2 Tier 1: total fugitive emissions from industry segments......................................................4.41 Equation 4.2.3 Alternative Tier 2 approach (emissions due to venting)......................................................4.44 Equation 4.2.4 Alternative Tier 2 approach (CH4 emissions due to flaring) ...............................................4.44 Equation 4.2.5 Alternative Tier 2 approach(CO2 emissions due to flaring) ................................................4.45 Equation 4.2.6 CH4 emissions from flaring and venting..............................................................................4.45 Equation 4.2.7 CO2 emissions from venting and flaring..............................................................................4.45 Equation 4.2.8 N2O emissions from flaring.................................................................................................4.45