THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY From the collection of James Collins, Drumcondra, Ireland. Purchased, 1918. OAK ST. HDSF THE FLOEA OF HOWTH. WITH MAP AND AN INTRODUCTION ON THE GEOLOGY AND OTHER FEATURES OF THE PEOMONTORy. BY Hf C; HAET, B.A., F.L.S. DUBLIN: HODGES FIGGIS, & CO., GEAFTON STEEET. 1887. AS A TOKEN OP MY APPRECIATION OF HIS HELPFUL FRIENDSHIP, WHICH HAS BEEN FOE MANY YEARS LARGELY DRAWN UPON IN MY BOTANICAL STUDIES, I DEDICATE ZbiQ little IDolume TO ALEXANDER GOODMAN MORE. 435915 INTRODUCTION. THE parish of Howth comprises an area of 2,670 acres. It is situate in North Latitude 53° 23' and West Longitude 6° 4'. It consists of a rocky, hilly promontory and a narrow, sandy peninsula, the village of Howth being on the north side of the former, at a distance of nine miles from Dublin. The greatest elevation is 560 feet above sea-level. The 200-foot contour line includes the major portion of the hill on the south, south-eastern, and eastern sides. The circuit of the promontory from the narrow part of the neck of the peninsula is about nine miles by the line of coast, that of the entire parish a mile or two more. The small, rocky island of Ireland's Eye is included in the parish of Howth. It lies to the north of Howth about a mile from the mainland, and the same in circumference. Its northern cliffs are bold, and reach a height of two to three hundred feet. The hilly part of Howth is composed of greenish and reddish grey slates and grits, with considerable belts of nearly white quartzite and occasional dykes of trap. These rocks are probably of the same geo- logical age (Cambrian) as those of Bray Head. On the western side of the hill these rocks disappear beneath the unconformably placed beds of pale grey fossiliferous Carboniferous limestone of the lower B 2 INTRODUCTION. division, which reach from Howth village round to Sutton, where the contact of the two may be observed. West of these, again, we come to the neck of the peninsula, which is a low belt or raised beach of sand, gravel, and drift, corresponding with the so- called 12-foot beach of other parts of Ireland. On Ireland's Eye, at the S.E. corner, slates of probably lower Silurian origin rest unconformably on the Cambrian rocks. The soil and surface conditions are thus of a very varied nature. The central part of the hill is marshy^ and smaller swamps, as well as two or three streams, occur in other parts. Turf of slight depth, with heath, forms a covering, in some places, to the bar- ren quartzite rock which of all rocks is the most in- tractable, and yields the worst soil for agricultural purposes. In most parts, however, the soil is well supplied with aluminum and alkaline substances, and fairly fertile. Sandy pastures and alluvial deposits prevail on the western side, while at the north-west a stretch of sand-hills occurs. On the eastern and southern sea face the scenery is composed of an im- posing and varied wall of cliffs and steep sea-banks from one to three hundred feet in elevation, which afford protection to several interesting forms of bird and plant life, and admirable opportunities for a difficult scramble in their search. On the northern side of the hi-ll is situated the wooded and lovely demesne of Lord Howth, while elsewhere, especially on the south and south-western sides, farming opera- tions are carried on with the highest skill. It will thus be seen that the requirements for plant life are well supplied. There is ground for maritime ; INTRODUCTION. 3 species, woodland species, moorland species (on a small scale), and dwellers in marsh or on sand-hills. Also, although there is cultivated soil to afford harbourage for numerous agrestal colonists, and opportunity for the introduction of denizens and aliens, fortunately a large portion of the hill still remains in an unimproved " condition, where a visitor from the metropolis may feel himself entirely divested of human surroundings, and where many a shy and pretty wild flower is still to be found. Howth has many attractions. As a sea-bathing , summer retreat its equal cannot be found in Ireland. We are, however, more concerned with its scientific resources. Its archaeological interest lies in a cromlech in the demesne of Lord Howth, in the ruins of an early abbey in the village of Howth, and the earlier church or chantry of St. Fintan's on the Sutton side, with its holy well, and also in the ancient castle called Corr Castle, of the Barons of Howth. On Ireland's Eye are the remains of a church of the sixth or seventh century. To the naturalist whose pursuits are other than botanical the parish appeals in many ways. Seafowl of several sorts—the puffin, the razorbill auk, two kinds of guillemot, and herring and kittiwake gulls —breed in limited numbers in a few places, where their nests are almost inaccessible. Occasionally the raven and the peregrine falcon, select Howth, occasionally Ireland's Eye, for the same purpose. It is not a great many years since the chough and the rock-pigeon inhabited the cliffs of Howth and in land species the night -jar is a regular nesting visitor, while, on one occasion certainly, 4 INTRODUCTION. within the last four years, the woodcock brought out its young, which were, however, unfortunately de- stroyed by magpies. Entomologists have long known flowth as a happy hunting-ground for certain forms of Lepidoptera. A moth of the genus Dianthoecia (D. Barrettii) is held to be peculiar to Howth ; but I believe my friend Mr. Kane has recently discovered it on the coast of Waterford. Two others of the same group (D. caesia and D. capsophila) are also of interest from their rarity in the British Isles, not being found in England or Scotland. The marine zoologist will find abundant material to occupy his attention, provided always he be supplied with the means of dredging. Amongst sea-worms and sea- anemones several rare forms have been captured off Howth. Uncommon sea-shells of several kinds exist round the coast, especially on the Ireland's Eye side. Many of these may be picked up on the Portmarnock strand, but fewer on any of the Howth shores, which are mostly steep and rocky. I have gathered thus about 125 species. In the lower families of the vegetable kingdom (excepting the Sea-weeds) there is less scope, perhaps, for research, on account of the comparative dryness of the atmosphere, than in other parts of Ireland. In Mosses, however, one species (Phascum bryoides) is peculiar, not having been found, I believe, else- where in Ireland. Irish Fungi are too little known for me to refer in any way to their distribution ; no doubt my friend Mr. Pim will before long have effaced this reproach. I wiU now proceed briefly to analyze the list of Flowering-plants and Ferns occurring on Howth. A INTRODUCTION. 5 few preliminary observations with regard to the manner in which this hst has been formed will be advisable. The list is entirely the result of my own personal explorations during a number of seasons for the last twenty years. Very few of those years passed without some observation, and during most of them my visits were either numerous or else extended over a consider- able part of the summer. In several cases I have had to exclude species erroneously recorded ; but this has only been done when either the error was an obvious one or else the most persistent and repeated search failed to verify an original record. The negative assertion that a plant does not grow in a district is a dangerous one, and can only be ventured on where the area to be worked is, like the present, of small extent. Howth has been at all times favourite ground for botanists. Threlkeld, who published the earliest work on the Irish Flora in 1727, mentions Howth more than once, as, for instance, under the Narcissus Sylvestris pallidus calyce luteo, wild Daffodil ; . it grows under the skirts of the Hill of Hoath." In the last century Wade also botanized on Howth, and recorded plants therefrom. And since them Mackay, Dalton, Miss Bailey, and various others have given, in some form or another, information on the subject. As pamphlets which deal specially with Howth, but unfortunately contain many erroneous statements about its botany, may be mentioned— A Day at Howth,'' by F. Huband Smith, 2nd Edition, 1857, and **Eambles on the Irish Coast," by W. H. Baily, 1887. The Flora of Howth is of particular interest in — 6 INTRODUCTION. two special ways : (1) from the rarity of several of the species found ; and (2) on account of the large number of forms assembled in so small a space. My list contains 545 species, of which 25 are un- doubtedly introduced. Other introduced species with less claim to a place in the list are given in an Appendix. The remaining total of 520 species is probably above the average—certainly as regards Ireland—for a district of about four square miles in the British Islands. * If we take the total for Ireland to be 950 species Cybele Hibernica/' p. xxiii.), it is, considering the absence of high mountain ranges, large lakes, rivers, and extensive bogs, very unexpected that we should find considerably over half that total in the parish of Howth. Compared with the County Dublin, which comprises an area of 226,895 acres, or 354^ square miles, and has con- siderable rivers, swamps, and a mountainous district reaching over 2,000 feet, we find the proportion to be about 670 to 545.+ Of rare Irish native plants occurring on Howth the following may be instanced :—Kaphanus mari- timus, Viola hirta, Cerastium arvense, Geranium sanguineum, Erodium maritimum, E.