11/18/2014 Good Day! Almost Friday! • Take out your 9.3 1. What is a Federalists? notes from 2. What is a political party? yesterday. 3. What are the major political parties in the United States today? • Take out a blank 4. Which political party is our president a sheet of paper. member? Washington had a enough. Political Parties • Washington had decided two terms (8 years) was enough. • -A group of people that tries to promote its • In his farewell address, he gave two ideas and influence government. important pieces of advice: • Washington warned that forming political parties out of strong differences could weaken – The dangers of political parties the nation. – On foreign policy • Despite his advice, political parties became a part of American Politics. 1 11/18/2014 Foreign Policy Differences led to the 1st Political Parties • Hamilton and Jefferson had hotly debated the • -Relations with governments of other direction the new nation should take. countries. • Hamilton wanted a U.S. in which trade, • Quote: “remain neutral and steer clear of manufacturing, and cities grew. permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” • Jefferson (along with Madison) wanted a rural • Washington believed that agreements with nation of planters and farmers. foreign nations might work against U.S. • Hamilton was influenced by the north. interests. • Jefferson, being from Virginia, was more influenced by the south. The First Political Parties • Federalists • Democratic-Republicans – Strong national govt. – Limited national govt. – Fear of mob rule – Fear of rule by one person – Loose construction or a powerful few (interpretation) of the – Strict construction See Fred the Fed. Constitution (interpretation) of the – Favored national bank Constitution See Fred the Fed. – Economy based on – Opposed national bank manufacturing and shipping – Economy based on – Supporters; lawyers, farming merchants, – Supporters: farmers, manufacturers, clergy tradespeople 2 11/18/2014 Fred the Fed The 1st Election (1797) • The Federalists picked Vice-President John Adams for their candidate. • The Democratic-Republicans chose Jefferson. • Adams won- 71 votes to Jefferson’s 68 votes (by the electoral college). • In 1800, Adams became the 1st president to govern from Washington D.C. 1796 Elections What Adams inherits • European situation in 1797 – France was in a revolution and then invading others. – only two large countries had not cut a deal with France - England & United States – after Jay’s Treaty, an expansionistic France thinks America supports England • America accepts English view of neutral rights • French privateers must leave U.S. ports • France begins attacking & seizing U.S. ships – over 300 American ships looted & lost in one year! 3 11/18/2014 Quasi War • State of undeclared war exists between US and France (allies!) • Adams sends three negotiators to France to end the conflict- Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, & John Marshall • Fight splits America down the middle – creation of a national army to repel “French Invasion” • Negotiators’ result is known as the XYZ Affair. XYZ Affair XYZ Affair • 1797 American ambassadors (Charles Pinckney, • Adams receives Elbridge Gerry, & John Marshall) were met by correspondence from three French agents “X, Y, and Z” diplomats in January • They said that the French minister would hold • Congress controlled by Dem.- talks, but only if the Americans agreed to “loan” Republicans demands to France $10 million & to pay the minister publication of letters (Talleyrand) a $250,000 bribe. – bites the Republicans in the hand – Federalists now control govt. 4 11/18/2014 Side effects to foreign relations. • The conflict with France made Adams & the Federalists popular with the public. • Congress & the public were outraged by the XYZ • Some Dem.-Republicans, however, sympathized Affair. with the French. • The press began printing the slogan: “millions • Freedom of the Press: One Dem.-Rep. newspaper for defense, not one cent for tribute!” called Adams “the blasted tyrant of America.” • Congress canceled its treaties with France & • In response, Federalists labeled Dem.-Rep. allowed U.S. ships to seize vessels. “democrats, mobcrats, & other kinds of rats.” • Congress also set aside money to expand the navy & the army. France & results of the Adams blames the Democrat- Mudslinging. Republicans • France steps up its program to weaken and surround the US • Angered by criticism in a time of crisis, – paying French loyalists in Canada Adams blamed the Dem.-Republicans – gaining Louisiana from Spain newspapers and new immigrants. • To silence the critics, the Federalists • More French radicals emigrate to United States Congress passed the Alien & Sedition • Federalist controlled Congress seeks to protect Acts. nation from external and internal enemies – Most immigrants were Democratic-Republican. 5 11/18/2014 Alien and Sedition Acts Reaction • Four laws to maintain Federalist power • As the Federalists clamped down on freedom of speech & the press, about 25 Dem.-Republican – Naturalization Act - makes it more difficult to become newspaper editors were charged under these acts. a citizen - 14 years (instead of 5). • 10 were convicted of expressing opinions – Alien Act - President can arrest or order dangerous damaging to the government. aliens out of the country. • Matthew Lyon, a Vermont Congressman, was – Alien Enemies Act - if at war with another country, also arrested for saying the president should be males from those countries are liable for sent “to a mad house”; (he was re-elected while in incarceration or removal. jail). – Sedition Act – outlawed saying or writing anything false or harmful (criticism) about the government. Reaction Peace with France • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Congress repealed Alien & Sedition Acts; • Kentucky drafted by Jefferson & Virginia drafted by they expired 2 years later when Madison Democratic-Republicans won control of • Basically, this was a democratic protest to the Alien Congress and Sedition Acts. • Adams reopened talks with Frances & • Focused on issue of division of power (federalism). the Convention of 1800 made peace with France. • Said states had rights that the federal govt. could not violate (states’ rights). • Adam’s action of making peace with France angered many Federalists. • Kentucky resolutions go farther than Virginia by proposing nullification. 6 11/18/2014 Adams in the end… • But he spoke proudly of having saved the nation from bloodshed. • “I desire no other inscription over my gravestone than: ‘Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility of the peace with France in the year 1800.’” • Adams lost election of 1800 because he lost his popularity (lost to Jefferson). 7.