Linköping University | IDA Master’s thesis | Computer Science and Engineering Autumn 2016 | LIU-IDA/LITH-EX-A--16/011--SE Patterns for Injection of Mock Objects in a Modeling Environment Fabian Wiberg Tutor, Ola Leifler Examiner, Kristian Sandahl Copyright The publishers will keep this document online on the Internet – or its possible replacement – for a period of 25 years starting from the date of publication barring exceptional circumstances. The online availability of the document implies permanent permission for anyone to read, to download, or to print out single copies for his/hers own use and to use it unchanged for non-commercial research and educational purpose. Subsequent transfers of copyright cannot revoke this permission. All other uses of the document are conditional upon the consent of the copyright owner. The publisher has taken technical and administrative measures to assure authenticity, security and accessibility. According to intellectual property law the author has the right to be mentioned when his/her work is accessed as described above and to be protected against infringement. For additional information about the Linköping University Electronic Press and its procedures for publication and for assurance of document integrity, please refer to its www home page: http://www.ep.liu.se/. © Fabian Wiberg Abstract Capsules are modeling language elements which are sometimes used to develop real-time software. One way to test such capsule elements without relying on dependencies to other units is to use mock objects. The aim of the study was to look at existing object-oriented design patterns and investigate how they could be used for capsules, in order to perform mock testing. The focus was to find solutions that were usable from the programmers’ point of view, meaning that they should promote high user effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction when implementing them. It was also important that program efficiency wasn’t affected negatively. 5 design- or refactoring patterns were adapted for capsules: Constructor Injection, Setter Injection, Parameterize Method, Factory Method and Abstract Factory. Those patterns were evaluated by 5 programmers in a usability test, where Incarnate Injection (an adaptation of Constructor Injection) and Abstract Factory were considered most usable. Incarnate Injection seemed to be easier to implement and promoted high user efficiency, while Abstract Factory was considered more flexible. The performance tests indicated that Abstract Factory compromises program efficiency when the factory product is resource-heavy and is required frequently by dependent capsules. The study showed that it is possible to adapt design patterns to capsules by looking at conceptual similarities between capsules and classes. However, there are cases when this adaptation is impossible. Furthermore, even when adaptation is possible, it was apparent that different patterns adapt differently well to capsules. Acknowledgements This study is a Master’s thesis made at the program Master of Science in Computer Science at Linköping University. The study was made at Ericsson in Linköping and I owe a big thank you to the Ericsson staff for making it such an enjoyable time for me. In particular, I would like to thank my supervisor, Johan Westling, for giving me the guidance I needed as well as valuable input on my work and the report. I would also like to thank Johan Wibeck for giving me the opportunity to come and do my thesis at Ericsson. I would like to thank my supervisor at the university, Ola Leifler, for giving this thesis direction and for giving me goals to work towards, as well as motivation during the finalization of this report. I would also like to thank my examiner, Kristian Sandahl, for making sure that my work was up to standard. I want to thank my opponent, Henrik Laurentz, for his feedback which raised the quality of this report. At last, I would like to direct a big thank you to the Ericsson developers who dedicated valuable working hours to participate in interviews and user tests. This study, as a whole, would not have been the same without your cooperation. Fabian Wiberg Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Research Questions.................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Report Disposition ................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Background ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 The Modeling Environment ................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Modeling Concepts ........................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 The Test Framework ......................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 3 Theory .............................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Design Patterns ...................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 The Dependency Inversion Principle and Related Design Patterns ....................................... 13 3.2.1 The Dependency Inversion Principle ................................................................................ 13 3.2.2 More on Dependencies ...................................................................................................... 15 3.2.3 The Dependency Injection Pattern .................................................................................... 15 3.2.4 Factory Patterns................................................................................................................. 16 3.2.5 The Service Locator Pattern .............................................................................................. 17 3.2.6 The Parameterize Method Refactoring Pattern ................................................................. 18 3.3 Differences and Similarities between C++ and RSA-RTE .................................................... 18 3.4 Mock Objects ......................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 4 Method ............................................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Pre-study: Choosing Evaluation Criteria ............................................................................... 23 4.2 Design and Implementation ................................................................................................... 24 4.2.1 Design Pattern Research ................................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 Assessment of Potential .................................................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Design Method .................................................................................................................. 27 4.2.4 Implementation Method .................................................................................................... 27 4.3 Evaluation .............................................................................................................................. 27 4.3.1 Evaluation Metrics ............................................................................................................ 27 4.3.2 Methods for Gathering Evaluation Data ........................................................................... 28 Chapter 5 Design and Implementation ........................................................................................... 33 5.1 Finding and Evaluating Possible Solutions ........................................................................... 33 5.1.1 Found Solutions ................................................................................................................ 33 5.1.2 Estimation of Pattern Potential.......................................................................................... 33 5.2 Adapting Found Solutions to the Modeling Environment ..................................................... 35 5.2.1 Incarnate Injection: An Adapted Design of Constructor Injection .................................... 36 5.2.2 Port Injection: An Adapted Design of Setter Injection ..................................................... 37 5.2.3 Parameterize Transition: An Adapted Design of Parameterize Method ........................... 38 5.2.4 Adapting Factory Method ................................................................................................. 38 5.2.5 Adapting Abstract Factory ...............................................................................................